On the role of informational privacy in connected vehicles: A privacy-aware acceptance modelling approach for connected vehicular services

Abstract Modern cars are becoming increasingly connected. While connectivity enhances the car’s functional portfolio, it fosters the relevance of information privacy in the private vehicle. This research paper sets out to elucidate the role of data disclosure in the acceptance of connected services in the car. Based on Davis’ Technology Acceptance Model, we postulate an acceptance model which accounts for informational privacy in the connected car. In a high-fidelity driving simulator study, 116 participants interacted with a connected parking service and subsequently responded to an acceptance questionnaire. Structural equation modelling revealed a significant influence of privacy-related factors on attitude towards using the system, which in turn directly influences usage intention. The results underscore the relevance of informational privacy for the acceptance of connected vehicular services.

[1]  Edward Shih-Tse Wang,et al.  Perceived quality factors of location-based apps on trust, perceived privacy risk, and continuous usage intention , 2017, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[2]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Trust and TAM in Online Shopping: An Integrated Model , 2003, MIS Q..

[3]  Toshihiko Takemura,et al.  Analysis of Privacy and Security Affecting the Intention of Use in Personal Data Collection in an IoT Environment , 2016, IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst..

[4]  Andy H. Lee,et al.  Assessing the driving performance of older adult drivers: on-road versus simulated driving. , 2003, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[5]  Giovanni Pau,et al.  Internet of Vehicles: From intelligent grid to autonomous cars and vehicular fogs , 2014, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[6]  M. Culnan,et al.  Information Privacy Concerns, Procedural Fairness, and Impersonal Trust: An Empirical Investigation , 1999 .

[7]  Naresh K. Malhotra,et al.  Internet Users' Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model , 2004, Inf. Syst. Res..

[8]  Heng Xu,et al.  Information Privacy Concerns: Linking Individual Perceptions with Institutional Privacy Assurances , 2011, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[9]  Yinghui Zhang,et al.  Privacy-preserving communication and power injection over vehicle networks and 5G smart grid slice , 2018, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[10]  Gabriela Beirão,et al.  Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study , 2007 .

[11]  K. Dautzenberg,et al.  Customer acceptance of RFID technology: Evidence from the German electronic retail sector , 2009 .

[12]  Chun-Der Chen,et al.  Predicting electronic toll collection service adoption: An integration of the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior , 2007 .

[13]  Lisa J. Molnar,et al.  Understanding trust and acceptance of automated vehicles: An exploratory simulator study of transfer of control between automated and manual driving , 2018, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour.

[14]  Anthony D. Miyazaki,et al.  Reducing online privacy risk to facilitate e‐service adoption: the influence of perceived ease of use and corporate credibility , 2010 .

[15]  M. S. Cunningham The Major Dimensions of Perceived Risk , 1967 .

[16]  Varun Grover,et al.  Investigating online information disclosure: Effects of information relevance, trust and risk , 2010, Inf. Manag..

[17]  P. Slovic,et al.  Risk Perception and Affect , 2006 .

[18]  Xi Chen,et al.  Factors affecting privacy disclosure on social network sites: an integrated model , 2010, Electronic Commerce Research.

[19]  Paul Benjamin Lowry,et al.  Information Disclosure on Mobile Devices: Re-Examining Privacy Calculus with Actual User Behavior , 2013, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[20]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  A power primer. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[21]  Marko Sarstedt,et al.  PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet , 2011 .

[22]  Ardion Beldad,et al.  How shall I trust the faceless and the intangible? A literature review on the antecedents of online trust , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[23]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[24]  B. Taylor,et al.  A private matter: the implications of privacy regulations for intelligent transportation systems , 2016 .

[25]  Patrick Chambres,et al.  Antecedent variables of intentions to use an autonomous shuttle: Moving beyond TAM and TPB? , 2017 .

[26]  Hua Wang,et al.  Age differences in perceptions of online community participation among non-users: An extension of the Technology Acceptance Model , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[27]  William Payre,et al.  Intention to use a fully automated car: attitudes and a priori acceptability , 2014 .

[28]  Paul Benjamin Lowry,et al.  Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for Building and Testing Behavioral Causal Theory: When to Choose It and How to Use It , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication.

[29]  Patrick De Pelsmacker,et al.  Emotions as determinants of electric car usage intention , 2012 .

[30]  Jouni Markkula,et al.  On the road – listening to data subjects’ personal mobility data privacy concerns , 2018, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[31]  Mohd Sharifuddin Ahmad,et al.  A Review of Factors Influencing Customer Acceptance of Internet of Things Services , 2019, Int. J. Inf. Syst. Serv. Sect..

[32]  ChenCheng,et al.  Extending the theory of planned behavior , 2017 .

[33]  Andry Rakotonirainy,et al.  Assessing driver acceptance of intelligent transport systems in the context of railway level crossings , 2015 .

[34]  Seongcheol Kim,et al.  Driver's intention to use smartphone-car connectivity , 2013 .

[35]  M. Ziefle,et al.  Suspicious minds? – users’ perceptions of autonomous and connected driving , 2019, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science.

[36]  R. Laufer,et al.  Privacy as a Concept and a Social Issue: A Multidimensional Developmental Theory , 1977 .

[37]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .

[38]  Wu He,et al.  Developing Vehicular Data Cloud Services in the IoT Environment , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[39]  R. Fazio Multiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behavior: The Mode Model as an Integrative Framework , 1990 .

[40]  David Gefen,et al.  The impact of personal dispositions on information sensitivity, privacy concern and trust in disclosing health information online , 2010, Decis. Support Syst..

[41]  Tamara Dinev,et al.  An Extended Privacy Calculus Model for E-Commerce Transactions , 2006, Inf. Syst. Res..

[42]  Linda D. Molm,et al.  Risk and Trust in Social Exchange: An Experimental Test of a Classical Proposition , 2000, American Journal of Sociology.

[43]  Sergio L. Toral Marín,et al.  Identification of new added value services on intelligent transportation systems , 2013, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[44]  Huei-Huang Chen,et al.  The empirical study of automotive telematics acceptance in Taiwan: comparing three Technology Acceptance Models , 2009, Int. J. Mob. Commun..

[45]  Farinaz Koushanfar,et al.  P3: Privacy Preserving Positioning for Smart Automotive Systems , 2018, ACM Trans. Design Autom. Electr. Syst..

[46]  Julian K. Ayeh Travellers' acceptance of consumer-generated media: An integrated model of technology acceptance and source credibility theories , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[47]  Paul A. Pavlou,et al.  Consumer Acceptance of Electronic Commerce: Integrating Trust and Risk with the Technology Acceptance Model , 2003, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[48]  Ali Eydgahi,et al.  A systematic review of technology adoption frameworks and their applications , 2017 .

[49]  Bente Evjemo,et al.  Trust trumps concern: findings from a seven-country study on consumer consent to ‘digital native’ vs. ‘digital immigrant’ service providers , 2018, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[50]  Tao Zhou,et al.  Examining Location-Based Services Usage from the Perspectives of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and Privacy Risk , 2012 .

[51]  Heetae Kim,et al.  Understanding driver adoption of car navigation systems using the extended technology acceptance model , 2015, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[52]  Alexander van Deursen,et al.  Accepting the Internet-of-Things in our homes: The role of user skills , 2019, Telematics Informatics.

[53]  Fred D. Davis,et al.  User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models , 1989 .

[54]  Yuan Li,et al.  Theories in online information privacy research: A critical review and an integrated framework , 2012, Decis. Support Syst..

[55]  Ming-Chi Lee,et al.  Factors influencing the adoption of internet banking: An integration of TAM and TPB with perceived risk and perceived benefit , 2009, Electron. Commer. Res. Appl..

[56]  Lingling Gao,et al.  A unified perspective on the factors influencing consumer acceptance of internet of things technology , 2014 .

[57]  Matthew K. O. Lee,et al.  How social influence affects we-intention to use instant messaging: The moderating effect of usage experience , 2011, Inf. Syst. Frontiers.

[58]  Natasha Merat,et al.  What influences the decision to use automated public transport? Using UTAUT to understand public acceptance of automated road transport systems , 2017 .

[59]  Louis Leung,et al.  Extending the theory of planned behavior: A study of lifestyles, contextual factors, mobile viewing habits, TV content interest, and intention to adopt mobile TV , 2017, Telematics Informatics.

[60]  Linda Steg,et al.  Car use: lust and must. Instrumental, symbolic and affective motives for car use , 2005 .

[61]  Martina Ziefle,et al.  What is Stored, Why, and How? Mental Models, Knowledge, and Public Acceptance of Hydrogen Storage , 2016 .

[62]  Charles Abraham,et al.  Psychological correlates of car use: A meta-analysis , 2008 .

[63]  John D. Lee,et al.  Warn me now or inform me later: Drivers' acceptance of real-time and post-drive distraction mitigation systems , 2012, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[64]  Heng Xu,et al.  Information Privacy Research: An Interdisciplinary Review , 2011, MIS Q..

[65]  Michael Segal,et al.  Breaching the privacy of connected vehicles network , 2019, Telecommun. Syst..

[66]  C. Antoniou,et al.  Classification of driver-assistance systems according to their impact on road safety and traffic efficiency , 2002 .

[67]  Paul A. Pavlou,et al.  Predicting E-Services Adoption: A Perceived Risk Facets Perspective , 2002, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[68]  J. Jacoby,et al.  The Components of Perceived Risk , 1972 .

[69]  Natasha Merat,et al.  Acceptance of Automated Road Transport Systems (ARTS): An adaptation of the UTAUT model , 2016 .

[70]  Maurizio Morisio,et al.  Connected Car , 2016, ACM Comput. Surv..

[71]  P. D. Pelsmacker,et al.  An Extended Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict the Usage Intention of the Electric Car: A Multi-Group Comparison , 2015 .

[72]  Bettina Abendroth,et al.  Losing a Private Sphere? A Glance on the User Perspective on Privacy in Connected Cars , 2018 .

[73]  Sumeet Gupta,et al.  The effects of privacy concerns and personal innovativeness on potential and experienced customers’ adoption of location-based services , 2009, Electron. Mark..

[74]  Bruce Weaver,et al.  Assessment of driving performance using a simulator protocol: validity and reproducibility. , 2010, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[75]  Hoe C Lee,et al.  The validity of driving simulator to measure on-road driving performance of older drivers , 2002 .

[76]  Paul J. Hart,et al.  PRIVACY CONCERNS AND INTERNET USE--A MODEL OF TRADE-OFF FACTORS. , 2003 .

[77]  Fred D. Davis Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology , 1989, MIS Q..

[78]  Hichang Cho,et al.  Unpacking the process of privacy management and self-disclosure from the perspectives of regulatory focus and privacy calculus , 2019, Telematics Informatics.

[79]  William Lewis,et al.  Does PLS Have Advantages for Small Sample Size or Non-Normal Data? , 2012, MIS Q..

[80]  P. Schmidt,et al.  Incentives, Morality, Or Habit? Predicting Students’ Car Use for University Routes With the Models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis , 2003 .

[81]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An Integrative Model Of Organizational Trust , 1995 .

[82]  Andrea Everard,et al.  Privacy Concerns Versus Desire for Interpersonal Awareness in Driving the Use of Self-Disclosure Technologies: The Case of Instant Messaging in Two Cultures , 2011, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..