Public Places and Spaces

1 Transformation, Nostalgia, And Illusion In Public Life And Public Place.- Assumptions about Public Life and Public Environments.- About Public Life.- The Citizen of Affairs.- The Citizen of Commerce and Pleasure.- The Familiar Citizen.- Public Life and Public Places: A Panoramic Mini-History.- Loss of Categorical Distinctions between Public and Private Realms.- Intrusions of the Public into the Private Realm.- Loss of Life in the Street.- Intrusions of the Private Realm into the Public One.- Public Environments Serving Private Wealth.- Erosion of Civil Liberties.- Loss of Categorical Distinctions between Government and Business.- Loss of Categorical Distinctions between Public Services and Private Ones.- Nostalgia and Illusion.- Segmentation and Loss of Diversity.- Future Directions of Research, Design, and Policy.- References.- 2 Perception, Cognition, And Evaluation Of Urban Places.- Urban Public Places.- Cognitive and Esthetic Quality.- Urban Cognition.- Urban Imageability.- Building Recall.- Relationship between Imageability and Perceived Quality.- Urban Esthetics.- A Framework.- Urban Simulation.- Salient Perceptual/Cognitive Dimensions.- Salient Affective Dimensions.- Esthetic Value.- Design/Planning Recommendations.- Future Directions of Research.- Specifying the Full Lens Model.- Movement.- Change.- Sociophysical Context.- Public Policy.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 Farmers' Markets As Community Events.- Typology of Markets.- History.- Benefits.- Civic Utility.- Revitalizing Downtown.- Assistance for Small Farmers.- Consumer Benefits.- Intergroup Contacts.- Openness and Contact with Nature.- Functional Requirements.- Site.- Shelter.- Schedule.- Customers.- Vendors.- Products.- Tradition.- Organization.- Linkage to Other Open-Space Programs.- The Future of Farmers' Markets.- Desire for Fresh, Flavorful Local Produce.- Desire for Festivity and Social Contact.- Demonstrated Social Utility.- Future Directions of Research.- References.- 4 Playgrounds At The Crossroads: Policy and Action Research Needed to Ensure A Viable Future forPublic Playgrounds in The United States.- Children's Use of the Outdoors.- The Child's Right to Play.- Playground Research Findings.- How Much Are Playgrounds Used?.- How Safe Are Playgrounds?.- Play Setting Studies.- Play Value, Diversity, and Design.- Site Planning: Patterns of Activity in Time and Space (PATS).- What Is the Play Value of Adventure Play?.- What Types of Play Setting Support Social Integration?.- Integration of Children with Disabilities.- Future Directions for Research and Policy in the Planning, Design, and Management of Public Playgrounds.- A National Action-Research Program.- Play Leadership and Animation Training.- Preventive Risk Management.- New Media.- Designer Awareness.- Public/Private Partnership.- The Choice.- Appendix: Play Setting Research Recommendations.- References.- 5 Women and Urban PublicSpace: Research, Design, and Policy Issues.- Theoretical and Historical Overview.- Definition of "Public" and "Private".- Separation of Sexes and Spaces.- Separation of Spheres in the 19th Century.- Nineteenth-Century Women in the Public Sphere.- Contemporary Context for Women's Use of Public Space.- Socialization.- Household Work and Childcare.- Travel.- Crime and Fear of Crime.- Harassment.- Restricted Mobility and Necessary Activities.- Conceptual Framework for Studying Women's Use of Public Space.- Provision and Management of Public Spaces.- Location of Public Spaces.- Physical Design of Public Spaces.- Use and Users of Public Spaces.- Future Directions for Education, Policy, and Design.- Directions for Education.- Directions for Policy.- Directions for Design.- Epilogue.- References.- 6 Control as a Dimension of Public-Space Quality.- Public Space and Urban Life.- The Changing Face of Public Space.- The Publics of Public Space.- Users.- Nonusers.- Space Managers and Owners.- Public Officials.- Designers.- Control as an Environmental Concept.- Control as a Psychological Construct.- Control as a Participation Concept.- Control of Public Space: A Definition and Conceptual Framework.- Control in the Public Landscape: The Example of Gardening.- Some Control Issues with Respect to Public Space.- Private Interests versus Public Needs.- Public Space as Home.- Personalization and Public Spaces.- Accessibility.- Ownership.- Safety.- Conflict.- Some Design and Management Opportunities for Increasing Control in Public Space.- Streets.- Neighborhood Parks.- Plazas and Downtown Public Spaces.- Future Directions for Research and Design.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 The Emergence of Environment-Behavior Research in Zoological Parks.- Historical Context of Zoological Park Development.- The Contemporary Context of Zoological Parks.- Design and Environment-Behavior Relationships.- Animal-Environment Research.- Visitor-Environment Research.- Staff-Environment Research.- Integrating Research on Animals, Visitors, and Staff.- Future Directions of Research.- Methodological Issues.- Theoretical Issues.- Research Opportunities.- References.- 8 Urban Parks: Research, Planning, and Social Change.- The Context for Change.- Behavior-Based Trends in Park Planning.- Diversification.- Interpretation.- Cultural Programs.- Case Study: A Large Multiuse Urban Park.- Rationale for a New Master Plan.- Planning Issues.- Research Strategy.- Research Results.- Applying Research Results to the Design Process.- Case Study: Lowell, Massachusetts, Urban Historical Park.- The Need for Research.- Research Strategy.- Research Results.- Application to Planning and Management.- Future Directions for Design Research.- User Analysis.- Design Review.- Evaluation.- Experimentation.- Education and Communication.- References.- 9 The Attractiveness and Use of Aquatic Environments as Outdoor Recreation Places.- Significance of Water-Based Outdoor Recreation.- Recreational Use of Aquatic Environments: A Transaction of People and Environment.- Outline of Chapter.- Special Characteristics of Aquatic Environments That Frame the Transaction.- Physical Characteristics.- Institutional Characteristics.- Technological Adaptations to Extend Terrestrial Existence into Aquatic Environments.- The Attraction of Water.- Characteristics of Participants Engaged in the Transaction.- Socioeconomic Characteristics.- Culture and Ethnicity.- Childhood Experiences.- Psychological Characteristics.- Contextual Influences on Transactions.- Psychological Context of the Transaction.- Social Context of the Transaction.- Physical Context.- Managerial Context.- Future Directions of Research.- Trends in Water-Based Recreation.- Research Needs.- References.- 10 Managing Parks as Human Ecosystems.- Key Assumptions.- The Roots of Human Ecology.- The Human Ecological Perspective.- The Human Ecology of Parks.- People as a Dominant in Parks.- Modeling Park Ecosystems to Include Humans.- Future Directions in Research.- Conclusion.- References.- 11 Solitude for the Multitudes: Managing Recreational Use in the Wilderness.- Historical Evolution of the Wilderness Concept.- The Dilemma of Wilderness Management.- A Generalized Model of Privacy and Crowding.- The Recreational Carrying Capacity Model.- Appropriate Levels of Others.- Appropriate Behavior of Others.- Crowding as Evidence of Others.- Future Directions for Practice, Policy, and Research.- Managing Crowding in Wilderness Settings.- Future Directions of Research.- References.