Handbook of Continued Fractions for Special Functions

Special functions are pervasive in all fields of science and industry. The most well-known application areas are in physics, engineering, chemistry, computer science and statistics. Because of their importance, several books and websites (see for instance http: functions.wolfram.com) and a large collection of papers have been devoted to these functions. Of the standard work on the subject, the Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs and mathematical tables edited by Milton Abramowitz and Irene Stegun, the American National Institute of Standards claims to have sold over 700 000 copies! But so far no project has been devoted to the systematic study of continued fraction representations for these functions. This handbook is the result of such an endeavour. We emphasise that only 10% of the continued fractions contained in this book, can also be found in the Abramowitz and Stegun project or at the Wolfram website!

[1]  W. Gautschi A Survey of Gauss-Christoffel Quadrature Formulae , 1981 .

[2]  D. K. Dimitrov,et al.  Chebyshev-Laurent polynomials and weighted approximation , 1998 .

[3]  D. E. Roberts,et al.  The Vector Epsilon Algorithm – a Residual Approach , 2002, Numerical Algorithms.

[4]  D. Shanks Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory , 1964 .

[5]  Nico M. Temme,et al.  Computing the real parabolic cylinder functions U(a, x), V(a, x) , 2006, TOMS.

[6]  William B. Jones,et al.  Continued fractions in numerical analysis , 1988 .

[7]  W. J. Thron,et al.  Continued Fractions: Analytic Theory and Applications , 1984 .

[8]  Julian Havil Gamma: Exploring Euler's Constant , 2003 .

[9]  Edmund Taylor Whittaker,et al.  A Course of Modern Analysis , 2021 .

[10]  Leon M. Hall,et al.  Special Functions , 1998 .

[11]  Brigitte Verdonk,et al.  A review of branched continued fraction theory for the construction of multivariate rational approximations , 1988 .

[12]  Adhemar Bultheel,et al.  First-Order Linear Recurrence Systems and General N-Fractions , 1994 .

[13]  Olav Njåstad Solutions of the strong hamburger moment problem , 1996 .

[14]  Wojciech Siemaszko,et al.  Branched continued fractions for double power series , 1980 .

[15]  William B. Jones,et al.  Two-point Padé expansions for a family of analytic functions☆ , 1983 .

[16]  Brigitte Verdonk,et al.  Multivariate reciprocal differences for branched Thiele continued fraction expansion , 1988 .

[17]  John A. Knox,et al.  New closed-form approximations to the logarithmic constant e , 1998 .

[18]  Stefan Rolewicz,et al.  On a problem of moments , 1968 .

[19]  David R. Masson The last of the hypergeometric continued fractions , 1994 .

[20]  P. E. Böhmer,et al.  Über die Transzendenz gewisser dyadischer Brüche , 1927 .

[21]  J. Wrench,et al.  Concerning Two Series for the Gamma Function , 1968 .

[22]  Gabor Szegö,et al.  [68–1] An Outline of the History of Orthogonal Polynomials , 1982 .

[23]  W. Gragg Matrix interpretations and applications of the continued fraction algorithm , 1974 .

[24]  C. Lanczos,et al.  A Precision Approximation of the Gamma Function , 1964 .

[25]  R. Rangarajan,et al.  On regular C-fraction and general T-fraction expansions for ratios of basic hypergeometric series and Ramanujan-type identities , 1993 .

[26]  Doron S. Lubinsky Power series equivalent to rational functions: A shifting-origin kronecker type theorem, and normality of Padé tables , 1988 .

[27]  D. Dijkstra A continued fraction expansion for a generalization of Dawson's integral , 1977 .

[28]  R. Spira Calculation of the Gamma Function by Stirling's Formula , 1971 .

[29]  L. R. Shenton,et al.  INEQUALITIES FOR THE NORMAL INTEGRAL INCLUDING A NEW CONTINUED FRACTION , 1954 .

[30]  Erik Hendriksen Associated Jacobi-Laurent polynomials , 1990 .

[31]  William B. Jones,et al.  Numerical stability in evaluating continued fractions , 1974 .

[32]  Annie Cuyt,et al.  A continued fractions package for special functions , 2008 .

[33]  G. Blanch,et al.  Numerical Evaluation of Continued Fractions , 1964 .

[34]  Alfred J. van der Poorten,et al.  A Proof that Euler Missed... , 2000 .

[35]  Chyi Hwang,et al.  An algorithm for a 2-D continued fraction inversion , 1984 .

[36]  P. Henrici,et al.  A continued fraction algorithm for the computation of higher transcendental functions in the complex plane , 1967 .

[37]  Annie Cuyt,et al.  A multivariate QD-like algorithm , 1988 .

[38]  W. R. Buckland Handbook of Hypergeometric Integrals , 1979 .

[39]  Doron Zeilberger,et al.  Hypergeometric series acceleration via the WZ method , 1997, Electron. J. Comb..

[40]  C. Brezinski Padé-type approximation and general orthogonal polynomials , 1980 .

[41]  W. Burnside Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable , 1893, Nature.

[42]  Len Berggren,et al.  Sur la Fonction Exponentielle , 2004 .

[43]  William B. Jones,et al.  Stieltjes continued fractions for polygamma functions; speed of convergence , 2005 .

[44]  J. Zinn-Justin Convergence of Padé approximants in the general case , 1971 .

[45]  Guoliang Xu,et al.  Matrix padé approximation: definitions and properties , 1990 .

[46]  Annie Cuyt The QD-algorithm for Padé-approximants in operator theory , 1984 .

[47]  Eugène Catalan,et al.  Sur les fractions continues , 1845 .

[48]  M. Gardner Penrose tiles to trapdoor ciphers : -- and the return of Dr. Matrix , 1997 .

[49]  Annie Cuyt,et al.  How well can the concept of Padé approximant be generalized to the multivariate case , 1999 .

[50]  Jeff Tupper,et al.  Reliable two-dimensional graphing methods for mathematical formulae with two free variables , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[51]  K. B. Oldham,et al.  An Atlas of Functions. , 1988 .

[52]  H. Hamburger,et al.  Über eine Erweiterung des Stieltjesschen Momentenproblems , 1921 .

[53]  Shirley Dex,et al.  JR 旅客販売総合システム(マルス)における運用及び管理について , 1991 .

[54]  George E. Andrews,et al.  q-series : their development and application in analysis, number theory, combinatorics, physics, and computer algebra , 1986 .

[55]  Peter Kornerup,et al.  Finite Precision Rational Arithmetic: Slash Number Systems , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[56]  H. Trotter,et al.  Continued fractions for some algebraic numbers. , 1972 .

[57]  Marietta J. Tretter,et al.  Analytic Subtraction Applied to the Incomplete Gamma and Beta Functions , 1980 .

[58]  Peter Wynn,et al.  The application of continued fractions and their generalizations to problems in approximation theory , 1964 .

[59]  L. J. Lange An Elegant Continued Fraction for π , 1999 .

[60]  S. Basu,et al.  Theory and recursive computation of 1-D matrix Pade approximants , 1980 .

[61]  William B. Jones,et al.  Continued Fractions and Strong Hamburger Moment Problems , 1983 .

[62]  W. J. Thron On parabolic convergence regions for continued fractions , 1958 .

[63]  J. McCabe,et al.  Continued Fractions which Correspond to Power Series Expansions at Two Points , 1976 .

[64]  William B. Jones,et al.  Orthogonal Laurent Polynomials of Jacobi , Hermite and Laguerre Types , 2004 .

[65]  Erik Hendriksen,et al.  Orthogonal Laurent polynomials , 1986 .

[66]  M. Anshelevich,et al.  Introduction to orthogonal polynomials , 2003 .

[67]  E. Beckenbach,et al.  Applied Combinatorial Mathematics , 1965 .

[68]  Walter Leighton,et al.  A general continued fraction expansion , 1939 .

[69]  J. McCabe,et al.  A Formal Extension of the Padé Table to Include Two Point Padé Quotients , 1975 .

[70]  W. J. Thron,et al.  Accelerating convergence of limit periodic continued fractionsK(an/1) , 1980 .

[71]  Chuanqing Gu,et al.  Generalized inverse matrix Padé approximation on the basis of scalar products , 2001 .

[72]  Harpreet Singh,et al.  Correspondence Inversion of a 2D continued fraction , 1981 .

[73]  William B. Jones,et al.  Orthogonal Laurent polynomials and strong moment theory: a survey , 1999 .

[74]  Arne Magnus,et al.  Certain continued fractions associated with the Padé table , 1962 .

[75]  William B. Jones,et al.  Orthogonal Laurent Polynomials and Gaussian Quadrature , 1981 .

[76]  David R. Lester,et al.  Exact Statistics and Continued Fractions , 1995, J. Univers. Comput. Sci..

[77]  V V Vavilov,et al.  ON THE CONVERGENCE OF THE PADÉ APPROXIMANTS OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS , 1976 .

[78]  David A. Field Convergence Theorems for Matrix Continued Fractions , 1984 .

[79]  A. Gil,et al.  Parabolic cylinder functions of integer and half-integer orders for nonnegative arguments , 1998 .

[80]  Walter Van Assche,et al.  Asymptotics for Orthogonal Polynomials , 1987 .

[81]  Bruce C. Berndt,et al.  Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary , 1995 .

[82]  Hervé Le Ferrand The Vector QD Algorithm for Smooth Functions (f, f) , 1996 .

[83]  G. Frobenius Ueber Eelationen zwischen den Näherungsbrüchen von Potenzreihen. , 1881 .

[84]  William B. Gragg,et al.  Two Constructive Results in Continued Fractions , 1983 .

[85]  T. Stieltjes Recherches sur les fractions continues , 1995 .

[86]  H. Schwartz,et al.  On a Class of Continued Fractions , 1916, Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society.

[87]  Lisa Jacobsen,et al.  General convergence of continued fractions , 1986 .

[88]  William B. Jones,et al.  General t-fraction expansions for ratios of hypergeometric functions , 1988 .

[89]  Annie Cuyt,et al.  GrafEqC: reliable computing in the complex plane , 2005 .

[90]  William B. Jones,et al.  Continued fractions associated with trigonometric and other strong moment problems , 1986 .

[91]  Wojciech Siemaszko,et al.  Rational approximation and interpolation of functions by branched continued fractions , 1987 .

[92]  B. Berndt Ramanujan’s Notebooks: Part V , 1997 .

[93]  Walter Gautschi,et al.  Anomalous Convergence of a Continued Fraction for Ratios of Kummer Functions. , 1977 .

[94]  Haakon Waadeland,et al.  Continued fractions with applications , 1994 .

[95]  W. Zudilin An Apery-like Difference Equation for Catalan's Constant , 2003, Electron. J. Comb..

[96]  Annie Cuyt,et al.  Nonlinear Methods in Numerical Analysis , 1987 .

[97]  M. Schlosser BASIC HYPERGEOMETRIC SERIES , 2007 .

[98]  Annie A. M. Cuyt,et al.  Efficient and Reliable Multiprecision Implementation of Elementary and Special Functions , 2006, SIAM J. Sci. Comput..

[99]  H. Wall,et al.  Analytic Theory of Continued Fractions , 2000 .

[100]  R. A. Sack,et al.  An algorithm for Gaussian quadrature given modified moments , 1971 .

[101]  K. R. Vasuki,et al.  On some new continued fractions related to ₂φ₁ basic hypergeometric functions , 2001 .

[102]  W. Gautschi Computational Aspects of Three-Term Recurrence Relations , 1967 .

[103]  V. A. Kalyagin,et al.  Analytic properties of two-dimensional continued P-fraction expansions with periodical coefficients and their simultaneous Pade-Hermite approximants , 1987 .

[104]  N. Akhiezer,et al.  The Classical Moment Problem. , 1968 .

[105]  Wyman Fair Continued fraction solution to the Riccati equation in a Banach algebra , 1972 .

[106]  William B. Jones,et al.  A strong Stieltjes moment problem , 1980 .

[107]  C. W. Clenshaw,et al.  The special functions and their approximations , 1972 .

[108]  Lee L. Schroeder Buffon's Needle Problem: An Exciting Application of Many Mathematical Concepts. , 1974 .

[109]  F. Lindemann Ueber die Zahl π.*) , 1882 .

[110]  D. Varberg,et al.  Calculus with Analytic Geometry , 1968 .

[111]  Daniel Shanks,et al.  Khintchine's Constant , 1959 .

[112]  David Dickinson,et al.  On Lommel and Bessel polynomials , 1954 .

[113]  V. I. Parusnikov On the convergence of the multidimensional limit-periodic continued fractions , 1987 .

[114]  N. M. Temme,et al.  The numerical computation of the confluent hypergeometric functionU(a, b, z) , 1983 .

[115]  Bernhard Beckermann,et al.  Families of two-point Pade´ approximants and some 4 F 3 (1) identities , 1995 .

[116]  Eric W. Weisstein,et al.  The CRC concise encyclopedia of mathematics , 1999 .

[117]  Peter Henrici,et al.  Truncation error estimates for Stieltjes fractions , 1966 .

[118]  A. Cuyt The QD-algorithm and multivariate Padé-approximants , 1983 .

[119]  Armido R. Didonato,et al.  Algorithm 708: Significant digit computation of the incomplete beta function ratios , 1988, TOMS.

[120]  Henry C. Thacher,et al.  Applied and Computational Complex Analysis. , 1988 .

[121]  Lisa Lorentzen A Priori Truncation Error Bounds for Continued Fractions , 2003 .

[122]  William B. Jones,et al.  A survey of truncation error analysis for Padé and continued fraction approximants , 1993 .

[123]  H. Waadeland,et al.  Convergence acceleration of limit periodic continued fractions under asymptotic side conditions , 1988 .

[124]  William B. Gragg,et al.  Truncation error bounds for g-fractions , 1968 .

[125]  Adhemar Bultheel,et al.  A matrix Euclidean algorithm and the matrix minimal Padé approximation problem , 1990 .

[126]  H. W. Turnbull Matrix continued fractions , 1929 .

[127]  S. S. Khloponin The convergence of continued fractions , 1967 .

[128]  Nancy J. Wyshinski,et al.  A Family of Classical Determinate Stieltjes Moment Problems with Discrete Solutions , 1994 .

[129]  Lisa Jacobsen Nearness of continued fractions. , 1987 .

[130]  Haakon Waadeland Monotonicity of CF-coefficients in Gauss-fractions , 2005 .

[131]  George E. Andrews,et al.  The Continued fractions found in the unorganized portions of Ramanujan's notebooks , 1992 .

[132]  M. R. O'Donohoe,et al.  A two-variable generalization of the Stieltjes-type continued fraction , 1978 .

[133]  L. J. Rogers On the Representation of Certain Asymptotic Series as Convergent Continued Fractions , 1907 .

[134]  W. J. Thron,et al.  A Priori Truncation Error Estimates for Stieltjes Fractions , 1981 .

[135]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Calculation of Gauss quadrature rules , 1967, Milestones in Matrix Computation.

[136]  William B. Jones,et al.  On the computation of incomplete gamma functions in the complex domain , 1985 .

[137]  Jonathan M. Borwein,et al.  On the Khintchine constant , 1997, Math. Comput..

[138]  Steven R. Finch,et al.  Mathematical constants , 2005, Encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications.

[139]  Evelyn Frank A new class of continued fraction expansions for the ratios of Heine functions , 1958 .

[140]  Arne Magnus $P$-fractions and the Padé table , 1974 .

[141]  Sin Hitotumatu,et al.  On the numerical computation of Bessel functions through continued fraction , 1967 .

[142]  Chuanqing Gu A practical two-dimensional Thiele-type matrix Pade' approximation , 2003, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[143]  E. T. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers , 1946, Nature.

[144]  F. N. Cole THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY. , 1910, Science.

[145]  L. R. Shenton,et al.  Continued Fractions for the PSI Function and Its Derivatives , 1971 .

[146]  M. R. de Montessus de Ballore,et al.  Sur les fractions continues algébriques , 1905 .

[147]  Van Vleck,et al.  On the convergence of continued fractions with complex elements , 1901 .

[148]  Robert C. Busby,et al.  Convergence of ‘Periodic in the Limit’ Operator Continued Fractions , 1979 .

[149]  D. Knuth Euler's Constant to 1271 Places , 1962 .

[150]  André Markoff Deux démonstrations de la convergence de certaines fractions continues , 1895 .

[151]  N. Temme Special Functions: An Introduction to the Classical Functions of Mathematical Physics , 1996 .

[152]  Richard H. Franke Orthogonal Polynomials and Approximate Multiple Integration , 1971 .

[153]  T. L. Hayden Continued fractions in Banach spaces , 1974 .

[154]  M. Abramowitz,et al.  Mathematical functions and their approximations , 1975 .

[155]  U. Grenander,et al.  Toeplitz Forms And Their Applications , 1958 .

[156]  N. Bose,et al.  Matrix Stieltjes Series and Network Models , 1983 .

[157]  Mirta María Castro Smirnova,et al.  Convergence Conditions for Vector Stieltjes Continued Fractions , 2002, J. Approx. Theory.

[158]  Evelyn Franik,et al.  A new class of continued fraction expansions for the ratios of hypergeometric functions , 1956 .

[159]  Adhemar Bultheel,et al.  MATRIX CONTINUED FRACTIONS RELATED TO FIRST-ORDER LINEAR RECURRENCE SYSTEMS , 1996 .

[160]  Mourad E. H. Ismail,et al.  Contiguous relations, basic hypergeometric functions and orthogonal polynomials , 1989 .

[161]  W. J. Thron,et al.  Moment Theory, Orthogonal Polynomials, Quadrature, and Continued Fractions Associated with the unit Circle , 1989 .

[162]  Arne Magnus,et al.  Expansion of power series intoP-fractions , 1962 .

[163]  Ch. Pommerenke,et al.  Padé approximants and convergence in capacity , 1973 .

[164]  William B. Jones,et al.  Orthogonal Laurent polynomials and the strong Hamburger moment problem , 1984 .

[165]  O'Donohoe Applications of continued fractions in one and more variables , 1974 .

[166]  Milton Abramowitz,et al.  Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables , 1964 .

[167]  Walter Van Assche,et al.  Asymptotic behavior of the continued fraction coefficients of a class of Stieltjes transforms including the Binet function , 1998 .

[168]  W. J. Thron,et al.  Oval convergence regions and circular limit regions for continued fractions K(an/1) , 1986 .

[169]  Nico Temme,et al.  The numerical computation of the confluent hypergeometric function u(a,b,z) : (preprint) , 1980 .

[170]  W. J. Thron Convergence regions for the general continued fraction , 1943 .

[171]  Marcel G. de Bruin,et al.  Modification of generalised continued fractions I definition and application to the limit-periodic case , 1987 .

[172]  Walter Gautschi,et al.  On the computation of modified Bessel function ratios , 1978 .

[173]  Adolf Hurwitz Über die Kettenbrüche, deren Teilnenner arithmetische Reihen bilden , 1963 .

[174]  T. Wassmer 6 , 1900, EXILE.

[175]  W. J. Thron Convergence of Sequences of Linear Fractional Transformations and of Continued Fractions , 1963 .

[176]  G. A. Baker Essentials of Padé approximants , 1975 .

[177]  Andreas Schelling Convergence Theorems for Continued Fractions in Banach Spaces , 1996 .

[178]  Annie Cuyt,et al.  Rounding error analysis for forward continued fraction algorithms , 1985 .

[179]  Bernhard Beckermann,et al.  SOME EXPLICIT FORMULAS FOR PADS APPROXIMANTS OF RATIOS OF HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS , 2008 .

[180]  William B. Jones,et al.  MULTIPLE-POINT PADÉ TABLES , 1977 .