Achromatic color vision--I: perceptive variables of achromatic colors.

Abstract Achromatic colors are usually considered to be specifiable by a single perceptive variable, although a few bidimensional systems for specification of such colors have previously been presented. Some of the most important concepts of achromatic color are reviewed, and evaluated against the color variations observable in a disc-ring configuration of fields. Four different types of achromatic color variations are distinguished. It is shown that the unidimensional concept is untenable, and several limitations of the previous bidimensional systems are pointed out. A new bidimensional system is introduced which, contrary to the former, incorporates both the aperture and the surface colors within an orthogonal structure, and accounts for both the intensive and qualitative variations encountered in both modes.

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