CO2 Geological Storage

Geological storage was first proposed in the 1970s as a way to dispose of the carbon dioxide (CO2) that could be captured from large point sources. The technique is seen as a bridging technology that can decarbonize electricity generation until renewables will be ready to reduce emissions drastically. CO2 is suited for storage in the porous formations that are common in sedimentary basins worldwide: at a common temperature and pressure at a depth of 1 km or more, the gas becomes supercritical with a density close to water but a low viscosity, which allows it to be easily pumped with a low energy penalty. CO2 is ideal for enhancing oil recovery, something that has led to almost 1 billion tons of the gas being pumped over the past 40 years, mostly in the United States, providing a wealth of experience on transport, injection, and the integrity of geologic formation. Additional learning opportunities come from studying natural CO2 vents, which show that ecosystem damage from CO2 leaks is mostly minimal and concentrated, as well as from the gas storage industry, which has been using geologic storage for around one century with an excellent safety record. Candidate storage formations must have sufficient capacity, filling rate, and the ability to contain CO2 for hundreds of years to be considered, as well as be close to a source (or a pipeline). Projects from research to industrial scale have shown that such formations can be found, and safe CO2 geological storage is indeed possible. Keywords: carbon capture and storage; CO2 geological storage; CO2 EOR; CO2 pipeline transport; CO2 thermophysical properties

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