Sol-gel based optical chemical sensors

The growing activity in the field of optical chemical sensors has resulted in numerous sensing schemes, new indicator dyes, various polymeric matrix, size and shapes and highly diversified methods of immobilization. The sensor characteristics are dependent upon the choice of indicator, polymer, immobilization technique, and also size. Sol-gel technology provides a low-temperature method for obtaining porous silicate glass matrices. It enables to obtain material in the form of films, powders, monoliths, fibres or nanoparticles. Organic reagents and molecular receptors can be easily immobilized in the matrices. Moreover, one of the unique features of the sol-gel process is that the properties of the final network structure, such as hydrophobicity, thickness, porosity, flexibility, reactivity and stability can be easily tailored by controlling the process conditions, the type and the size of the precursors and catalysis. Here we will report about several sensor designed over the years based on sol-gel materials for monitoring and controlling different parameters, such as heavy metals, amines, phosphates, organophosphates.

[1]  Yong Zhang,et al.  USE OF CORE/SHELL STRUCTURED NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS , 2008 .

[2]  Sarah M. Buck,et al.  Nanoscale probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding (PEBBLEs) for ion sensing and imaging in live cells. , 2004, Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry.

[3]  J. REILLY,et al.  Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry , 1931, Nature.

[4]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Ultrasensitive DNA detection using highly fluorescent bioconjugated nanoparticles. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[5]  Axel Duerkop,et al.  Microtiter plate assay for phosphate using a europium–tetracycline complex as a sensitive luminescent probe , 2006 .

[6]  L. Rossi,et al.  Stöber synthesis of monodispersed luminescent silica nanoparticles for bioanalytical assays. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[7]  Yu-Lung Lo,et al.  Highly sensitive and linear optical fiber carbon dioxide sensor based on sol–gel matrix doped with silica particles and HPTS , 2009 .

[8]  Huang-Hao Yang,et al.  Nanometer fluorescent hybrid silica particle as ultrasensitive and photostable biological labels. , 2003, The Analyst.

[9]  Gerhard J. Mohr,et al.  Ratiometric porphyrin-based layers and nanoparticles for measuring oxygen in biosamples , 2009 .

[10]  Raoul Kopelman,et al.  Alexa Fluor 488 as an iron sensing molecule and its application in PEBBLE nanosensors. , 2005, The Analyst.

[11]  J. Dakin,et al.  Direct UV-LED lifetime pH sensor based on a semi-permeable sol–gel membrane immobilized luminescent Eu3+ chelate complex , 2008 .

[12]  Zhiqiang Gao,et al.  Nanoparticles in biomolecular detection , 2006 .

[13]  Improvement on organic compound adsorption and/or detection by using metallic thin films deposited onto highly rough silicon substrates , 2005 .

[14]  S. Varfolomeyev,et al.  Properties of hexahistidine-tagged organophosphate hydrolase , 2006, Biochemistry (Moscow).

[15]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  Fluorescent poly(styrene-block-vinylpyrrolidone) nanobeads for optical sensing of pH , 2009 .

[16]  I. Klimant,et al.  Fluorescent acrylamide nanoparticles for boronic acid based sugar sensing — from probes to sensors , 2009 .

[17]  M. Collinson.  Recent trends in analytical applications of organically modified silicate materials , 2002 .

[18]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  Optical nanosensors--smart tools in bioanalytics. , 2008, The Analyst.

[19]  D. Avnir,et al.  Getting a library of activities from a single compound: tunability and very large shifts in acidity constants induced by sol--gel entrapped micelles. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  Kemin Wang,et al.  Noninvasive monitoring of intracellular pH change induced by drug stimulation using silica nanoparticle sensors , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[21]  Plinio Innocenzi,et al.  Structure and properties of sol-gel coatings from methyltriethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane , 1994 .

[22]  D. Avnir,et al.  Sol-Gel Physical and Covalent Entrapment of Three Methyl Red Indicators: A Comparative Study , 1998 .

[23]  Tewodros Asefa,et al.  Recent advances in nanostructured chemosensors and biosensors. , 2009, The Analyst.

[24]  Aleksandra Lobnik,et al.  pH optical sensors based on sol–gels: Chemical doping versus covalent immobilization , 1998 .

[25]  A. Araújo,et al.  Optical sensors and biosensors based on sol-gel films. , 2007, Talanta.

[26]  Ivana Murković Steinberg,et al.  ORGANICALLY MODIFIED SILICATE THIN FILMS DOPED WITH COLOURIMETRIC PH INDICATORS METHYL RED AND BROMOCRESOL GREEN AS PH RESPONSIVE SOL–GEL HYBRID MATERIALS , 2010 .

[27]  N. Goddard,et al.  Strength of interactions between immobilized dye molecules and sol-gel matrices. , 2011, The Analyst.

[28]  O. Wolfbeis,et al.  Sol-gel based optical sensor for dissolved ammonia , 1998 .

[29]  Hong Gu,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Ratiometric, pH Sensing Nanoparticles with Covalently Attached Fluorescent Dyes , 2006 .

[30]  N K Chaudhury,et al.  Entrapment of biomolecules in sol-gel matrix for applications in biosensors: problems and future prospects. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[31]  G. Mohr,et al.  Ratiometric pH-nanosensors based on rhodamine-doped silica nanoparticles functionalized with a naphthalimide derivative. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[32]  Raoul Kopelman,et al.  Optochemical nanosensor PEBBLEs: photonic explorers for bioanalysis with biologically localized embedding. , 2004, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[33]  J. Aylott.  Optical nanosensors--an enabling technology for intracellular measurements. , 2003, The Analyst.

[34]  Ivana Murković Steinberg,et al.  Characterisation of an optical sensor membrane based on the metal ion indicator Pyrocatechol Violet , 2003 .

[35]  Aleksandra Lobnik,et al.  Sol–gel based optical sensor for continuous determination of dissolved hydrogen peroxide , 2001 .

[36]  S. Shtykov,et al.  Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in chemical and biochemical sensors: Capabilities and applications , 2008 .

[37]  Masayuki Yamane,et al.  Formation of Water-Soluble Dye-Doped Silica Particles , 1997 .

[38]  Feng Gao,et al.  A fluorescence ratiometric nano-pH sensor based on dual-fluorophore-doped silica nanoparticles. , 2007, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[39]  Niko Samec,et al.  Detection of nanomolar concentrations of copper(II) with a Tb-quinoline-2-one probe using luminescence quenching or luminescence decay time. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[40]  Colette McDonagh,et al.  High performance optical ratiometric sol–gel-based pH sensor , 2009 .

[41]  A. Yari,et al.  Sol-gel derived highly selective optical sensor for sensitive determination of the mercury(II) ion in solution. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[42]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  Fluorescence sensors for trace monitoring of dissolved ammonia. , 2008, Talanta.

[43]  S. Zourab,et al.  Behavior of immobilized Alizarin Red S into sol–gel matrix as pH sensor , 2007 .

[44]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  Precipitation as a simple and versatile method for preparation of optical nanochemosensors. , 2009, Talanta.

[45]  Jordi Riu,et al.  Nanosensors in environmental analysis. , 2006, Talanta.

[46]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent, Radio‐Opaque, and Paramagnetic Silica Nanoparticles for Multimodal Bioimaging Applications , 2005 .

[47]  W. Tan,et al.  Dual-luminophore-doped silica nanoparticles for multiplexed signaling. , 2005, Nano letters.

[48]  A. Vaseashta,et al.  Nanostructured and nanoscale devices, sensors and detectors , 2005 .

[49]  Raoul Kopelman,et al.  A fluorescent PEBBLE nanosensor for intracellular free zinc. , 2002, The Analyst.

[50]  P. Cywiński,et al.  Fluorescent polyacrylamide nanoparticles for naproxen recognition , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[51]  Aleksandra Lobnik,et al.  Optical pH sensor based on the absorption of antenna generated europium luminescence by bromothymolblue in a sol–gel membrane , 2001 .

[52]  T. Heinze,et al.  Fluorescent Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for pH-Sensing , 2009 .

[53]  O. Wolfbeis,et al.  Fluorescent potential-sensitive dyes for use in solid state sensors for potassium ion , 1996 .

[54]  Nicholas J. Goddard,et al.  Alkali treatment of dye-doped sol–gel glass films for rapid optical pH sensing , 2002 .

[55]  Fabrizio Mancin,et al.  Silica nanoparticles for fluorescence sensing of Zn(II): exploring the covalent strategy. , 2007, Chemistry.

[56]  A. Maitra,et al.  Nanometer Silica Particles Encapsulating Active Compounds: A Novel Ceramic Drug Carrier , 1998 .

[57]  Aleksandra Lobnik,et al.  Stability of new optical pH sensing material based on cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymer , 2002 .

[58]  Brian D. MacCraith,et al.  Dye-doped organically modified silica glass for fluorescence based carbon dioxide gas detection , 1998 .

[59]  Aleksandra Lobnik,et al.  ABSORPTION-BASED SENSORS , 2006 .

[60]  Jinjun Shi,et al.  Recent developments in nanomaterial optical sensors , 2004 .

[61]  Chris W. Brown,et al.  Sol-gel glass as a matrix for chemical and biochemical sensing , 1997 .

[62]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Optimization of dye-doped silica nanoparticles prepared using a reverse microemulsion method. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[63]  Aleksandra Lobnik,et al.  Probing the Polarity of Sol-Gels and Ormosils via the Absorption of Nile Red , 2001 .

[64]  Ovadia Lev,et al.  Organically modified sol-gel sensors , 1995 .

[65]  Steven S Saavedra,et al.  Evanescent sensing in doped sol-gel glass films , 1994 .

[66]  Claudio Rottman,et al.  Doped sol-gel glasses as chemical sensors , 1990 .

[67]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Multicolor FRET silica nanoparticles by single wavelength excitation. , 2006, Nano letters.

[68]  Kevin Burgess,et al.  Fluorescent indicators for intracellular pH. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[69]  F. Mancin,et al.  Self-organized fluorescent nanosensors for ratiometric Pb2+ detection. , 2007, Langmuir.

[70]  Aleksandra Lobnik,et al.  Sol-gel-based optical sensor for the detection of aqueous amines , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[71]  W. Tan,et al.  Conjugation of biomolecules with luminophore-doped silica nanoparticles for photostable biomarkers. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[72]  Xiu‐Ping Yan,et al.  Discrimination of saccharides with a fluorescent molecular imprinting sensor array based on phenylboronic acid functionalized mesoporous silica. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[73]  B. Eggins.  Chemical Sensors and Biosensors , 2002 .

[74]  Xinhong Song,et al.  Colorimetric optical pH sensor production using a dual-color system , 2010 .

[75]  Xu Hun,et al.  Preparation of a novel fluorescence nanosensor based on calcein-doped silica nanoparticles, and its application to the determination of calcium in blood serum , 2007 .

[76]  T. Minami,et al.  Preparation of Silica-Gel Film with pH Indicators by the Sol–Gel Method , 2005 .

[77]  Roghayeh Ghasempour,et al.  Pd doped WO3 films prepared by sol–gel process for hydrogen sensing , 2010 .

[78]  Ingo Klimant,et al.  Poly(styrene-block-vinylpyrrolidone) beads as a versatile material for simple fabrication of optical nanosensors. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[79]  C. Malins,et al.  Influence of the surface polarity of dye-doped sol–gel glass films on optical ammonia sensor response , 2000 .

[80]  T. Xia,et al.  Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel , 2006, Science.

[81]  B. K. Mishra,et al.  Organically modified silica: synthesis and applications due to its surface interaction with organic molecules. , 2008, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[82]  Bruce Dunn,et al.  Probes of Pore Environment and Molecule-Matrix Interactions in Sol-Gel Materials , 1997 .

[83]  G. C. Wall.  THE SOL-GEL PROCESS , 1965 .

[84]  Colette McDonagh,et al.  Leaching in sol–gel-derived silica films for optical pH sensing , 1998 .

[85]  F. Davis,et al.  Sol-gel based sensor for selective formaldehyde determination. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.