Patternable block copolymers

This article is a review of the chemical and physical nature of patternable block copolymers and their use as templates for functional nanostructures. The patternability of block copolymers, that is, the ability to make complex, arbitrarily shaped submicron structures in block copolymer films, results from both their ability to self-assemble into microdomains, the "bottom-up" approach, and the manipulation of these patterns by a variety of physical and chemical means including "top-down" lithographic techniques. Procedures for achieving long-range control of microdomain pattern orientation as well as the combination of top-down and bottom-up patterning to give multilevel control of block copolymer films are extensively discussed. The level of control over patterning block copolymers that these strategies afford has enabled recent developments in nanofabrication including template nanolithography, template nanoparticle patterning, nanoporous as well as nanoreplicated materials.

[1]  U. Wiesner,et al.  Organically modified aluminosilicate mesostructures from block copolymer phases , 1997, Science.

[2]  Joy Y. Cheng,et al.  Double textured cylindrical block copolymer domains via directional solidification on a topographically patterned substrate , 2001 .

[3]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Patterning Porous Oxides within Microchannel Networks , 2001 .

[4]  I. Manners,et al.  Spontaneous Vertical Ordering and Pyrolytic Formation of Nanoscopic Ceramic Patterns from Poly(styrene‐b‐ferrocenylsilane) , 2003 .

[5]  I. Hamley,et al.  Templating the patterning of gold nanoparticles using a stained triblock copolymer film surface , 2003 .

[6]  E. Thomas,et al.  Fabrication of Quantum Dot/Polymer Composites: Phosphine-Functionalized Block Copolymers as Passivating Hosts for Cadmium Selenide Nanoclusters , 1997 .

[7]  A. Plettl,et al.  A Combined Top–Down/Bottom–Up Approach to the Microscopic Localization of Metallic Nanodots , 2002 .

[8]  Richard A. Register,et al.  Large area dense nanoscale patterning of arbitrary surfaces , 2001 .

[9]  C. Hawker,et al.  Controlling Polymer-Surface Interactions with Random Copolymer Brushes , 1997, Science.

[10]  S. Stupp,et al.  Supramolecular Materials: Self-Organized Nanostructures , 1997, Science.

[11]  Glenn H. Fredrickson,et al.  Dynamics of Block Copolymers: Theory and Experiment , 1996 .

[12]  Paul F. Nealey,et al.  Using Self-Assembled Monolayers Exposed to X-rays To Control the Wetting Behavior of Thin Films of Diblock Copolymers , 2000 .

[13]  B. Gallot.  Comb-like and block liquid crystalline polymers for biological applications , 1996 .

[14]  S. Mochrie,et al.  Polymers on Nanoperiodic, Heterogeneous Surfaces , 1999 .

[15]  Y. Obeng,et al.  Nanoporous Ultralow Dielectric Constant Organosilicates Templated by Triblock Copolymers , 2002 .

[16]  K. Binder,et al.  Symmetric diblock copolymers in thin films. II. Comparison of profiles between self-consistent field calculations and Monte Carlo simulations , 1999, cond-mat/9906113.

[17]  Craig J. Hawker,et al.  Using Surface Active Random Copolymers To Control the Domain Orientation in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films , 1998 .

[18]  Karl R. Amundson,et al.  Alignment of lamellar block copolymer microstructure in an electric field. 1. Alignment kinetics , 1993 .

[19]  C. Ober,et al.  Spatially Controlled Fabrication of Nanoporous Block Copolymers , 2004 .

[20]  Joy Cheng,et al.  Formation of a Cobalt Magnetic Dot Array via Block Copolymer Lithography , 2001 .

[21]  R. Kane,et al.  Synthesis of Doped ZnS Nanoclusters within Block Copolymer Nanoreactors , 1996 .

[22]  D. Williams,et al.  Equilibrium properties of diblock copolymer thin films on a heterogeneous, striped surface , 1998 .

[23]  H. Boyen,et al.  Fabrication of regularly arranged nanocolumns on diamond(100) using micellar masks , 2000 .

[24]  R. Lennox,et al.  Nanoscale Polypyrrole Patterns Using Block Copolymer Surface Micelles as Templates , 2001 .

[25]  Bradley F. Chmelka,et al.  Generalized syntheses of large-pore mesoporous metal oxides with semicrystalline frameworks , 1998, Nature.

[26]  Allen H. Gabor,et al.  Imaging polymers with supercritical carbon dioxide , 1997 .

[27]  Archita Sengupta,et al.  Mesoporous Silicates Prepared Using Preorganized Templates in Supercritical Fluids , 2004, Science.

[28]  V. Deline,et al.  Characteristics of the surface-induced orientation for symmetric diblock PS/PMMA copolymers , 1989 .

[29]  Koji Asakawa,et al.  Nano-Patterning for Patterned Media using Block-Copolymer , 2002 .

[30]  I. Aksay,et al.  Nanoscale Patterning of Barium Titanate on Block Copolymers , 1997 .

[31]  K. Müllen,et al.  Synthesis of rod-coil block copolymers via end-functionalized poly(p-phenylene)s , 1998 .

[32]  R. Tannenbaum,et al.  Spatial distribution of cobalt nanoclusters in block copolymers , 2002 .

[33]  S. Webber,et al.  Graphoepitaxial deposition of cationic polymer micelles on patterned SiO2 surfaces. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[34]  K. Guarini,et al.  Ultrahigh-density nanowire arrays grown in self-assembled diblock copolymer templates. , 2000, Science.

[35]  C. Ober,et al.  Additive‐Driven Phase‐Selective Chemistry in Block Copolymer Thin Films: The Convergence of Top–Down and Bottom–Up Approaches , 2004 .

[36]  A. Mayes,et al.  Observed Substrate Topography-Mediated Lateral Patterning of Diblock Copolymer Films , 1997 .

[37]  M. Jaroniec,et al.  Characterization of the Porous Structure of SBA-15 , 2000 .

[38]  E. Kramer,et al.  Wetting of Substrates with Phase-Separated Binary Polymer Mixtures , 1997 .

[39]  T. Russell,et al.  Pathways toward Electric Field Induced Alignment of Block Copolymers , 2002 .

[40]  U. Krappe,et al.  Evolution of the “knitting pattern” morphology in ABC triblock copolymers , 1996 .

[41]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  Competing Interactions and Levels of Ordering in Self-Organizing Polymeric Materials , 1997 .

[42]  E. Thomas,et al.  The effect of surface constraints on the ordering of block copolymer domains , 1988 .

[43]  V. Abetz.  Block Copolymers, Ternary Triblocks , 2002 .

[44]  C. Hawker,et al.  Nanodomain control in copolymer thin films , 1998, Nature.

[45]  Ting Xu,et al.  Sequential, Orthogonal Fields: A Path to Long-Range, 3-D Order in Block Copolymer Thin Films , 2003 .

[46]  C. Ross,et al.  Block-copolymer-templated synthesis of iron, iron-cobalt, and cobalt-nickel alloy nanoparticles , 2003 .

[47]  Zhiqun Lin,et al.  A Rapid Route to Arrays of Nanostructures in Thin Films , 2002 .

[48]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. , 1991, Science.

[49]  Nan Yao,et al.  Nanolithographic templates from diblock copolymer thin films , 1996 .

[50]  Bradley F. Chmelka,et al.  Continuous Mesoporous Silica Films with Highly Ordered Large Pore Structures , 1998 .

[51]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  Monolayer films of diblock copolymer microdomains for nanolithographic applications , 1995, Journal of Materials Science.

[52]  A. Keller,et al.  Macro-lattice from Segregated Amorphous Phases of a Three Block Copolymer , 1970, Nature.

[53]  E. Kramer,et al.  Graphoepitaxy of Spherical Domain Block Copolymer Films , 2001 .

[54]  G. Park.  Synthetic polymer membranes , 1972 .

[55]  Henry I. Smith,et al.  Fabrication of nanostructures with long-range order using block copolymer lithography , 2002 .

[56]  Heinrich Rohrer,et al.  The nanoworld: chances and challenges , 1996 .

[57]  Samuel I Stupp,et al.  Semiconductor nanohelices templated by supramolecular ribbons. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[58]  Craig J. Hawker,et al.  A Simple Route to Metal Nanodots and Nanoporous Metal Films , 2002 .

[59]  T. Russell,et al.  Orientationally Registered Crystals in Thin Film Crystalline/Amorphous Block Copolymers , 2001 .

[60]  Cherie R. Kagan,et al.  Self-Organization of CdSe Nanocrystallites into Three-Dimensional Quantum Dot Superlattices , 1995, Science.

[61]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  Large area orientation of block copolymer microdomains in thin films via directional crystallization of a solvent , 2001 .

[62]  K. Guarini,et al.  Integration of self-assembled diblock copolymers for semiconductor capacitor fabrication , 2001 .

[63]  R. Kane,et al.  Synthesis of PsB nanoclusters within blocks copolymer nanoreactors , 1996 .

[64]  Juan J. de Pablo,et al.  Combining advanced lithographic techniques and self-assembly of thin films of diblock copolymers to produce templates for nanofabrication , 2000 .

[65]  Ilarion V. Melnikov,et al.  Reducing substrate pinning of block copolymer microdomains with a buffer layer of polymer brushes , 2000 .

[66]  G. Fredrickson,et al.  Block Copolymers—Designer Soft Materials , 1999 .

[67]  Kenneth M. Kemner,et al.  Functionalized Monolayers on Ordered Mesoporous Supports , 1997 .

[68]  Julia A. Kornfield,et al.  Pathways to Macroscale Order in Nanostructured Block Copolymers , 1997 .

[69]  Matthias Wessling,et al.  Bicontinuous Nanoporous Polymers by Carbon Dioxide Foaming , 2001 .

[70]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Unconventional Methods for Fabricating and Patterning Nanostructures. , 1999, Chemical reviews.

[71]  C. Ross,et al.  Selective Growth of Cobalt Nanoclusters in Domains of Block Copolymer Films , 2003 .

[72]  Galen T. Pickett,et al.  Equilibrium orientation of confined diblock copolymer films , 1997 .

[73]  Pavel Kratochvíl,et al.  Micelles of Block and Graft Copolymers in Solutions , 1993 .

[74]  J. Spatz,et al.  Substrate‐induced lateral micro‐phase separation of a diblock copolymer , 1996 .

[75]  V. Rotello,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of nanoelectrode arrays formed via block copolymer self-assembly , 2001 .

[76]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Template synthesis of graphitic nanotubules , 1995 .

[77]  Chun-Guey Wu,et al.  Conducting Polyaniline Filaments in a Mesoporous Channel Host , 1994, Science.

[78]  Joachim P. Spatz,et al.  Micellar Inorganic–Polymer Hybrid Systems—A Tool for Nanolithography , 1999 .

[79]  Mark A. Hartney,et al.  BLOCK COPOLYMERS AS BILEVEL RESISTS. , 1985 .

[80]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  Nanostructured Thin Films of Organic–Organometallic Block Copolymers: One-Step Lithography with Poly(ferrocenylsilanes) by Reactive Ion Etching , 2000 .

[81]  G. Stucky,et al.  Assembly of Nanoparticles into Hollow Spheres Using Block Copolypeptides , 2002 .

[82]  W. Zin,et al.  Supramolecular structures from rod-coil block copolymers. , 2001, Chemical reviews.

[83]  F. Bates,et al.  Polyisoprene-Polystyrene Diblock Copolymer Phase Diagram near the Order-Disorder Transition , 1995 .

[84]  K. Guarini,et al.  Block Copolymer Surface Reconstuction: A Reversible Route to Nanoporous Films , 2003 .

[85]  Suresh Valiyaveettil,et al.  Supercritical CO2 Processing for Submicron Imaging of Fluoropolymers , 2000 .

[86]  Heinrich M. Jaeger,et al.  Mesoscopic self‐assembly of gold islands on diblock‐copolymer films , 1994 .

[87]  D. Gin,et al.  Nanoporous Catalytic Materials with Organic Frameworks , 2001 .

[88]  T. Russell,et al.  Nanofabrication of integrated magnetoelectronic devices using patterned self-assembled copolymer templates , 2002 .

[89]  Bernard François,et al.  Self-organized honeycomb morphology of star-polymer polystyrene films , 1994, Nature.

[90]  Jae‐Suk Lee,et al.  Polymerization of monomers containing functional silyl groups. 5. Synthesis of new porous membranes with functional groups , 1988 .

[91]  M. Muthukumar,et al.  Self-consistent field theory of diblock copolymer melts at patterned surfaces , 1998 .

[92]  O. Ikkala,et al.  "Hairy tubes" : Mesoporous materials containing hollow self-organized cylinders with polymer brushes at the walls , 2001 .

[93]  T. P. Russell,et al.  Volume Contractions Induced by Crosslinking: A Novel Route to Nanoporous Polymer Films , 2003 .

[94]  J. Watkins,et al.  Carbon Dioxide – Dilated Block Copolymer Templates for Nanostructured Materials , 1999 .

[95]  P. Vacca,et al.  Free surface morphology of block copolymers: 1. Styrene-butadiene diblock copolymers , 1995 .

[96]  A. Balazs,et al.  Polymer adsorption on laterally heterogeneous surfaces : a Monte Carlo computer model , 1991 .

[97]  Sébastien Lecommandoux,et al.  Supramolecular Materials via Block Copolymer Self-Assembly , 2001 .

[98]  Franco Cerrina,et al.  Guided Self-Assembly of Symmetric Diblock Copolymer Films on Chemically Nanopatterned Substrates , 2000 .

[99]  Selim Elhadj,et al.  Orientation of self-assembled block copolymer cylinders perpendicular to electric field in mesoscale film , 2003 .

[100]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  Superstructures of Functional Colloids: Chemistry on the Nanometer Scale , 1997 .

[101]  Karl Amundson,et al.  Alignment of Lamellar Block Copolymer Microstructure in an Electric Field. 2. Mechanisms of Alignment , 1994 .

[102]  S. Mochrie,et al.  Propagation of nanopatterned substrate templated ordering of block copolymers in thick films , 2001 .

[103]  Yoshinori Funaki,et al.  Single-Grain Lamellar Microdomain from a Diblock Copolymer , 1999 .

[104]  Joachim P. Spatz,et al.  Gold nanoparticles in micellar poly(styrene)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) films—size and interparticle distance control in monoparticulate films , 1996 .

[105]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Nanomaterials: A Membrane-Based Synthetic Approach , 1994, Science.

[106]  S. Satija,et al.  Confined Block Copolymer Thin Films , 1995 .

[107]  M. Shimomura,et al.  Water-Assisted Formation of Micrometer-Size Honeycomb Patterns of Polymers , 2000 .

[108]  Allen H. Gabor,et al.  Synthesis and Lithographic Characterization of Block Copolymer Resists Consisting of Both Poly(styrene) Blocks and Hydrosiloxane-Modified Poly(diene) Blocks , 1994 .

[109]  Rachel A. Segalman,et al.  Effects of lateral confinement on order in spherical domain block copolymer thin films , 2003 .

[110]  Yunfeng Lu,et al.  Rapid prototyping of patterned functional nanostructures , 2000, Nature.

[111]  Charles T. Black,et al.  Nanoscale patterning using self-assembled polymers for semiconductor applications , 2001 .

[112]  C. Ross,et al.  Templated Self‐Assembly of Block Copolymers: Effect of Substrate Topography , 2003 .

[113]  P. Nealey,et al.  Epitaxial self-assembly of block copolymers on lithographically defined nanopatterned substrates , 2003, Nature.

[114]  C. Ober,et al.  Lithographic Patterning with Block Copolymers , 2003 .

[115]  S. Gruner,et al.  Orientation of triblock copolymers in planar extension , 1996 .

[116]  Heinrich M. Jaeger,et al.  Large-Area Domain Alignment in Block Copolymer Thin Films Using Electric Fields , 1998 .

[117]  Christopher Harrison,et al.  Lithography with a mask of block copolymer microstructures , 1998 .

[118]  M. Matsen.  Thin films of block copolymer , 1997 .

[119]  Avelino Corma,et al.  From Microporous to Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Materials and Their Use in Catalysis. , 1997, Chemical reviews.

[120]  H. Jaeger,et al.  Local Control of Microdomain Orientation in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films with Electric Fields , 1996, Science.

[121]  T. Pinnavaia,et al.  Access in mesoporous materials: Advantages of a uniform pore structure in the design of a heavy metal ion adsorbent for environmental remediation , 1997 .

[122]  E. Thomas,et al.  Poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilanes) for Reactive Ion Etch Barrier Applications , 2001 .

[123]  Ting Xu,et al.  Long-range ordering of diblock copolymers induced by droplet pinning , 2003 .

[124]  A. Chakrabarti,et al.  Block copolymer thin films on corrugated substrates , 2000 .

[125]  E. Thomas,et al.  Structure of minimum thickness and terraced free‐standing films of block copolymers , 1996 .

[126]  Hans Söderlund,et al.  Antibody-Based Bio-Nanotube Membranes for Enantiomeric Drug Separations , 2002, Science.

[127]  Guojun Liu,et al.  Preparation and Properties of Nanoporous Triblock Copolymer Membranes. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[128]  T. Emrick,et al.  Directed Deposition of Nanoparticles Using Diblock Copolymer Templates , 2003 .

[129]  Benjamin Chu,et al.  Nanofabrication in polymer matrices , 2003 .

[130]  Makinen,et al.  Switching supramolecular polymeric materials with multiple length scales , 1998, Science.

[131]  G. Pereira,et al.  DIBLOCK COPOLYMER THIN FILMS ON HETEROGENEOUS STRIPED SURFACES : COMMENSURATE, INCOMMENSURATE AND INVERTED LAMELLAE , 1998 .

[132]  Rafael van Grieken,et al.  Supercritical Fluid Extraction of a Nonionic Surfactant Template from SBA-15 Materials and Consequences on the Porous Structure , 2003 .

[133]  Karl R. Amundson,et al.  Effect of an electric field on block copolymer microstructure , 1991 .

[134]  G. Fredrickson,et al.  Block copolymer thermodynamics: theory and experiment. , 1990, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[135]  G. Fredrickson.  Surface ordering phenomena in block copolymer melts , 1987 .

[136]  T. Russell,et al.  Structural Evolution of Multilayered, Crystalline−Amorphous Diblock Copolymer Thin Films , 2001 .

[137]  S. Satija,et al.  Confinement-Induced Morphological Changes in Diblock Copolymer Films , 1996 .

[138]  A. Mayes,et al.  Block copolymer thin films : Physics and applications , 2001 .

[139]  Pierre M. Petroff,et al.  Generalized synthesis of periodic surfactant/inorganic composite materials , 1994, Nature.

[140]  Heinrich M. Jaeger,et al.  Hierarchical self-assembly of metal nanostructures on diblock copolymer scaffolds , 2001, Nature.

[141]  A. Chakrabarti,et al.  Block copolymer films on patterned surfaces , 1998 .

[142]  Matthew Libera,et al.  Morphological Development in Solvent-Cast Polystyrene−Polybutadiene−Polystyrene (SBS) Triblock Copolymer Thin Films , 1998 .

[143]  M. Tuominen,et al.  A Route to Nanoscopic SiO2 Posts via Block Copolymer Templates , 2001 .

[144]  E. Thomas,et al.  Orientational Switching of Mesogens and Microdomains in Hydrogen‐Bonded Side‐Chain Liquid‐Crystalline Block Copolymers Using AC Electric Fields , 2004 .

[145]  Willi Volksen,et al.  Templating Nanoporosity in Thin‐Film Dielectric Insulators , 1998 .

[146]  B. Chu,et al.  Physical Chemistry of Polyoxyalkylene Block Copolymer Surfactants , 1996 .

[147]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Optical properties of composite membranes containing arrays of nanoscopic gold cylinders , 1992 .

[148]  M. Buchmeiser.  New Ways to Porous Monolithic Materials with Uniform Pore Size Distribution. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[149]  S. Stupp,et al.  Monodisperse rodcoil' copolymers , 1993 .

[150]  P. Ziemann,et al.  Ultrathin diblock copolymer/titanium laminates - a tool for nanolithography , 1998 .

[151]  Stucky,et al.  Mirrorless lasing from mesostructured waveguides patterned by soft lithography , 2000, Science.

[152]  Jakob Heier,et al.  Transfer of a chemical substrate pattern into an island-forming diblock copolymer film , 1999 .

[153]  M. Hillmyer,et al.  Ordered Nanoporous Poly(cyclohexylethylene) , 2003 .

[154]  T. Hayakawa,et al.  From angstroms to micrometers: self-organized hierarchical structure within a polymer film. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[155]  Guojun Liu,et al.  Thin Films with Densely, Regularly Packed Nanochannels: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications , 1999 .

[156]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Synthesis of polymeric microcapsule arrays and their use for enzyme immobilization , 1994, Nature.

[157]  O. Pitois,et al.  Crystallization of condensation droplets on a liquid surface , 1999 .

[158]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Synthesis of Nanoporous Silica with New Pore Morphologies by Templating the Assemblies of Ionic Block Copolymers , 1998 .

[159]  M. Sander,et al.  Block Copolymer-Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous, Multicomponent Oxides by Nonhydrolytic, Thermolytic Decomposition of Molecular Precursors in Nonpolar Media , 2001 .

[160]  Craig J. Hawker,et al.  Ordered diblock copolymer films on random copolymer brushes , 1997 .

[161]  S. Stupp,et al.  Self-assembly of dendron rodcoil molecules into nanoribbons. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[162]  Galen T. Pickett,et al.  Equilibrium surface orientation of lamellae , 1993 .

[163]  Hyoyoung Lee,et al.  Synthesis of a Nanoporous Polymer with Hexagonal Channels from Supramolecular Discotic Liquid Crystals. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[164]  Ho-Cheol Kim,et al.  Ordering in thin films of asymmetric diblock copolymers , 2001 .

[165]  Galen T. Pickett,et al.  Morphology of Ultrathin Supported Diblock Copolymer Films: Theory and Experiment , 2000 .

[166]  T. Deng,et al.  Micropatterning of block copolymer solutions , 2002 .

[167]  G. Reiter,et al.  NANOMETER-SCALE SURFACE PATTERNS WITH LONG-RANGE ORDER CREATED BY CRYSTALLIZATION OF DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS , 1999 .

[168]  A. Mayes,et al.  A Free Energy Model for Confined Diblock Copolymers , 1994 .

[169]  G. Ozin,et al.  Shell cross-linked cylinders of polyisoprene-b-ferrocenyldimethylsilane: formation of magnetic ceramic replicas and microfluidic channel alignment and patterning. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[170]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  Mesoporous materials by templating of liquid crystalline phases , 1997 .

[171]  M. Hillmyer,et al.  Ordered nanoporous polymers from polystyrene-polylactide block copolymers. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[172]  Jin Kon Kim,et al.  Asymmetric Block Copolymers with Homopolymers: Routes to Multiple Length Scale Nanostructures , 2002 .

[173]  Gallagher,et al.  Observed surface energy effects in confined diblock copolymers. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[174]  E. Thomas,et al.  Ordered bicontinuous nanoporous and nanorelief ceramic films from self assembling polymer precursors , 1999, Science.

[175]  N. Spencer,et al.  Block Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers for Microcontact Printing , 2003 .

[176]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  Amphiphilic Block Copolymers in Structure-Controlled Nanomaterial Hybrids , 1998 .

[177]  Y. Fink,et al.  One-dimensionally periodic dielectric reflectors from self-assembled block copolymer-homopolymer blends , 1999 .

[178]  P. Kofinas,et al.  Path-dependent morphologies of a diblock copolymer of polystyrene/hydrogenated polybutadiene , 1990 .

[179]  Ian Manners,et al.  Putting Metals into Polymers , 2001, Science.

[180]  William A. Tolles.  Nanoscience and nanotechnology in Europe , 1996 .

[181]  Juan J. de Pablo,et al.  Symmetric diblock copolymer thin films confined between homogeneous and patterned surfaces: Simulations and theory , 2000 .

[182]  K. Thonke,et al.  Nanoporous Gold Films Created Using Templates Formed from Self‐Assembled Structures of Inorganic–Block Copolymer Micelles , 2003 .

[183]  G. Sevink,et al.  Asymmetric block copolymers confined in a thin film , 2000 .

[184]  V. Abetz,et al.  Cylindrical morphologies in asymmetric ABC triblock copolymers , 1997 .

[185]  L. Leibler.  Theory of Microphase Separation in Block Copolymers , 1980 .

[186]  F. Schüth,et al.  Consecutive generation of mesopores and micropores in SBA-15 , 2003 .

[187]  Mark E. Thompson,et al.  Dense arrays of ordered GaAs nanostructures by selective area growth on substrates patterned by block copolymer lithography , 2000 .

[188]  Balázs,et al.  Modeling copolymer adsorption on laterally heterogeneous surfaces. , 1991, Physical review letters.

[189]  Joachim P. Spatz,et al.  Micro‐Nanostructured Interfaces Fabricated by the Use of Inorganic Block Copolymer Micellar Monolayers as Negative Resist for Electron‐Beam Lithography , 2003 .

[190]  K. Winey,et al.  Persistence of Surface-Induced Alignment in Block Copolymers upon Large-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Processing , 1999 .

[191]  Jackie Y. Ying,et al.  SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF SUPRAMOLECULAR-TEMPLATED MESOPOROUS MATERIALS , 1999 .

[192]  Ian W. Hamley,et al.  Transformations to and from the Gyroid Phase in a Diblock Copolymer , 1998 .

[193]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Membrane-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterials , 1996 .

[194]  D. Williams,et al.  Diblock copolymer thin film melts on striped, heterogeneous surfaces : Parallel, perpendicular and mixed lamellar morphologies , 1999 .

[195]  E. Kramer,et al.  Thin diblock copolymer films on chemically heterogeneous surfaces , 1997 .

[196]  Christopher Harrison,et al.  Block copolymer lithography: Periodic arrays of ~1011 holes in 1 square centimeter , 1997 .

[197]  Ludwik Leibler,et al.  Morphology and Thermodynamics of Symmetric Poly(A-block-B-block-C) Triblock Copolymers , 1995 .

[198]  N. Melosh,et al.  Monolithic Mesophase Silica with Large Ordering Domains , 2000 .

[199]  Kenji Fukunaga,et al.  Large-Scale Alignment of ABC Block Copolymer Microdomains via Solvent Vapor Treatment , 2000 .

[200]  Ian W. Hamley,et al.  The physics of block copolymers , 1998 .

[201]  U. Krappe,et al.  Chiral Assembly in Amorphous ABC Triblock Copolymers - Formation of a Helical Morphology in Polystyrene-Block-Polybutadiene-Block-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Block-Copolymers , 1995 .

[202]  Adamson,et al.  Chain Orientation in Block Copolymers Exhibiting Cylindrically Confined Crystallization. , 1998, Macromolecules.

[203]  E. Thomas,et al.  Periodic organic-organometallic microdomain structures in poly(styrene-block-ferrocenyldimethylsilane) copolymers and blends with corresponding homopolymers , 1999 .

[204]  S. Jenekhe,et al.  Self-assembled aggregates of rod-coil block copolymers and their solubilization and encapsulation of fullerenes , 1998, Science.

[205]  S. Milner.  Chain Architecture and Asymmetry in Copolymer Microphases , 1994 .

[206]  F. Bates,et al.  Unifying Weak- and Strong-Segregation Block Copolymer Theories , 1996 .

[207]  Heinrich M. Jaeger,et al.  Overcoming Interfacial Interactions with Electric Fields , 2000 .

[208]  M. Matsen.  Gyroid versus double-diamond in ABC triblock copolymer melts , 1998 .

[209]  Murrae J. Bowden,et al.  Synthesis, bulk, surface and microlithographic characterization of poly(1-butene sulfone)-g-poly(dimethylsiloxane) , 1991 .

[210]  S. Jenekhe,et al.  Self-assembly of ordered microporous materials from rod-coil block copolymers , 1999, Science.

[211]  P. L. Drzal,et al.  Microstructure orientation and nanoporous gas transport in semicrystalline block copolymer membranes , 2000 .

[212]  Georges Hadziioannou,et al.  Microporous honeycomb-structured films of semiconducting block copolymers and their use as patterned templates , 2000 .

[213]  Russell,et al.  Neutron reflectivity studies of the surface-induced ordering of diblock copolymer films. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[214]  Doan,et al.  Control of energy transfer in oriented conjugated polymer-mesoporous silica composites , 2000, Science.

[215]  K. Matyjaszewski,et al.  Nanostructured carbon arrays from block copolymers of polyacrylonitrile. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[216]  C. Stafford,et al.  Nanoscopic Templates from Oriented Block Copolymer Films , 2000 .

[217]  Marc A. Hillmyer,et al.  Mesoporous Polystyrene Monoliths , 2001 .

[218]  Fredrickson,et al.  Triblock copolymer syntheses of mesoporous silica with periodic 50 to 300 angstrom pores , 1998, Science.

[219]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  Microdomain patterns from directional eutectic solidification and epitaxy , 2000, Nature.

[220]  Zhiqun Lin,et al.  On the Replication of Block Copolymer Templates by Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Elastomers , 2003 .

[221]  Juan J. de Pablo,et al.  Simulations of the Morphology of Cylinder-Forming Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films on Nanopatterned Substrates , 2003 .

[222]  M. V. Dijk,et al.  Ordering Phenomena in Thin Block Copolymer Films Studied Using Atomic Force Microscopy , 1995 .

[223]  D. J. Harrison,et al.  Micromachining a Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Chemical Analysis System on a Chip , 1993, Science.

[224]  J. S. Beck,et al.  Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism , 1992, Nature.

[225]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  Microphase separation of block copolymer solutions in a flow field , 1993 .

[226]  G. Reiter,et al.  Controlled melting of individual, nano‐meter‐sized, polymer crystals confined in a block copolymer mesostructure , 2004 .

[227]  S. Satija,et al.  Unconventional morphologies of symmetric, diblock copolymers due to film thickness constraints , 1991 .

[228]  E. Thomas,et al.  Self-Assembled Smectic Phases in Rod-Coil Block Copolymers , 1996, Science.

[229]  A. Knoll,et al.  Large Scale Domain Alignment of a Block Copolymer from Solution Using Electric Fields , 2002 .

[230]  F. Bates,et al.  Crystallization thermodynamics and kinetics in semicrystalline diblock copolymers , 1998 .

[231]  M. Möller,et al.  Fabrication of Oriented Nanoscopic Ceramic Lines from Cylindrical Micelles of an Organometallic Polyferrocene Block Copolymer , 2001 .

[232]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  Replication of lyotropic block copolymer mesophases into porous silica by nanocasting: Learning about finer details of polymer self-assembly , 2003 .