How to use prostate‐specific antigen in the early detection orscreening for prostatic carcinoma

At present, increased early detection of prostate cancer appears to be the most feasible way to reduce cancer-related mortality. As a result significant efforts have been made to identify more men with curable cancer. This article reviews the role of serum prostate-specific antigen in an early detection or screening strategy and describes efforts to enhance the specificity of prostate-specific antigen testing.

[1]  W. Catalona,et al.  Clinical use of prostate specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer. , 1989, The Journal of urology.

[2]  G. Sensabaugh,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a semen-specific protein from human seminal plasma: a potential new marker for semen identification. , 1978, Journal of forensic sciences.

[3]  R. Schifman,et al.  The effect of digital rectal examination on serum levels of prostatic-specific antigen. , 1988, Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.

[4]  W. Catalona,et al.  Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[5]  M. Benson,et al.  The use of prostate specific antigen density to enhance the predictive value of intermediate levels of serum prostate specific antigen. , 1992, The Journal of urology.

[6]  T. Stamey,et al.  Keratin immunoreactivity in the benign and neoplastic human prostate. , 1985, Cancer research.

[7]  W. Cooner,et al.  Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urological practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. , 1990, The Journal of urology.

[8]  M. Brawer,et al.  The relationship of basement membrane to histologic grade of human prostatic carcinoma. , 1989, Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc.

[9]  T. Stamey,et al.  Observations on the doubling time of prostate cancer. The use of serial prostate‐specific antigen in patients with untreated disease as a measure of increasing cancer volume , 1993, Cancer.

[10]  Curtis Mettlin,et al.  Defining and updating the american cancer society guidelines for the cancer‐related checkup: Prostate and endometrial cancers , 1993, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[11]  R. Vessella,et al.  Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen. , 1992, The Journal of urology.

[12]  R. Schifman,et al.  Serum prostate-specific antigen and prostate pathology in men having simple prostatectomy. , 1989, American journal of clinical pathology.

[13]  R L Vessella,et al.  Prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in the monitoring and staging of patients with prostatic cancer. , 1987, The Journal of urology.

[14]  R. Kane,et al.  Relative sensitivity and specificity of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level compared with age‐referenced PSA, PSA density, and PSA change , 1994, Cancer.

[15]  O. Nilsson,et al.  Prostate-specific antigen in serum occurs predominantly in complex with alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. , 1991, Clinical chemistry.

[16]  R. Babaian,et al.  Prostate‐specific antigen and prostate gland volume: Correlation and clinical application , 1990, Journal of clinical laboratory analysis.

[17]  M. Moskowitz Cost‐benefit determinations in screening mammography , 1987, Cancer.

[18]  B. Dalkin,et al.  Prostate specific antigen levels in men older than 50 years without clinical evidence of prostatic carcinoma. , 1993, The Journal of urology.

[19]  R. Vessella,et al.  Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen: results of the second year. , 1993, The Journal of urology.

[20]  R. Kane,et al.  Cost‐effective prostate cancer detection. Reduction of low‐yield biopsies , 1994 .

[21]  W. Catalona,et al.  Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening. , 1993, JAMA.

[22]  P. Scardino,et al.  Early detection of prostate cancer. , 1989, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[23]  F. Mostofi,et al.  Characteristics of prostate cancer detected in the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[24]  M. Resnick,et al.  The effect of digital rectal examination on prostate-specific antigen levels. , 1992, JAMA.

[25]  T. Stamey,et al.  Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Serum Marker for Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate , 1987 .

[26]  P. Smith,et al.  Tumour markers in prostatic carcinoma. A comparison of prostate-specific antigen with acid phosphatase. , 1987, British journal of urology.

[27]  T. Stamey,et al.  Making the most out of six systematic sextant biopsies. , 1995, Urology.

[28]  W. Ellis,et al.  Repeat prostate needle biopsy: who needs it? , 1995, The Journal of urology.

[29]  T. Wilt,et al.  The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[30]  U. Stenman,et al.  A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specific antigen in serum of patients with prostatic cancer: assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer. , 1991, Cancer research.

[31]  M. Brawer,et al.  Assay variability in serum prostate‐specific antigen determination , 1995, The Prostate.

[32]  R. Joseph Babaian,et al.  The role of prostate‐specific antigen as part of the diagnostic triad and as a guide when to perform a biopsy , 1991, Cancer.

[33]  C G Chute,et al.  Serum prostate-specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men. Establishment of age-specific reference ranges. , 1993, JAMA.

[34]  P. Sieber,et al.  The use of prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in a community based urology practice. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[35]  J. Richie,et al.  Selection of optimal prostate specific antigen cutoffs for early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[36]  M. Mushinski,et al.  Probabilities of eventually developing or dying of cancer—united states, 1985 , 1985, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[37]  W. Ellis,et al.  Diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma: the yield of serum prostate specific antigen, digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[38]  P C Prorok,et al.  Prostate cancer screening in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial of the National Cancer Institute. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[39]  T. Stamey,et al.  Serum prostate specific antigen binding alpha 1-antichymotrypsin: influence of cancer volume, location and therapeutic selection of resistant clones. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[40]  J Drago,et al.  The American cancer society national prostate cancer detection project. Findings on the detection of early prostate cancer in 2425 men , 1991, Cancer.

[41]  J. Feightner The early detection and treatment of prostate cancer: the perspective of the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[42]  W. Cooner,et al.  Clinical application of transrectal ultrasonography and prostate specific antigen in the search for prostate cancer. , 1988, Investigative radiology.

[43]  A. Pantuck,et al.  Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer. , 1992, The Journal of urology.

[44]  D. Chan,et al.  Estimation of prostatic growth using serial prostate-specific antigen measurements in men with and without prostate disease. , 1992, Cancer research.

[45]  H. Lilja,et al.  Significance of different molecular forms of serum PSA. The free, noncomplexed form of PSA versus that complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. , 1993, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[46]  H. Carter,et al.  Natural history of changes in prostate specific antigen in early stage prostate cancer. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[47]  W. Ellis,et al.  The inability of prostate specific antigen index to enhance the predictive the value of prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. , 1993, The Journal of urology.

[48]  M M Elhilali,et al.  Prospective evaluation of prostate-specific antigen density and systematic biopsies for early detection of prostatic carcinoma. , 1994, Urology.

[49]  S. Woolf,et al.  Public health perspective: the health policy implications of screening for prostate cancer. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[50]  D. Bostwick,et al.  Prostatic Intra‐Epithelial Neoplasia and Early Invasion in Prostate Cancer , 1987, Cancer.

[51]  O. Nilsson,et al.  Serum prostate specific antigen complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin as an indicator of prostate cancer. , 1993, The Journal of urology.