On-Orbit Spatial Quality Evaluation and Image Restoration of FengYun-3C/MERSI

The Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI) was installed as a key payload on the FengYun-3C (FY-3C) polar-orbit meteorological satellite, which was successfully launched on September 23, 2013. We used 14 months of continuous FY-3C/MERSI Level-1B data (from November 2013 to December 2014) to evaluate the on-orbit image spatial quality. Based on a polar ice block image, a sharp target modulation transfer function (MTF) estimation method is used to quantitatively estimate the MTF value at the Nyquist frequency, which is an index for the spatial quality. The results show very good stability in the first year and a relatively lower spatial quality (MTF approximately 0.15) along the FY-3C/MERSI scan direction. This lower spatial quality is primarily attributed to the known and fixed 27% overlapped scan mode of MERSI, which can significantly reduce the image contrast. By using this fixed overlapped proportion (27%), we develop a fast and robust image restoration algorithm based on the Gaussian elimination (GE) method with lower and upper triangular matrix decomposition (LU). The speed-up ratio of this GE with LU decomposition method can attain a value of 626.30 compared with the traditional GE method when it solves linear equations with 2048 MERSI scan pixels. After the image restoration process, significant enhancement in the image spatial quality along the scan direction for every band of FY-3C/MERSI can be found with an increased MTF value of approximately 0.30. However, we evaluate the possible effect of this restoration algorithm on the original digital number (DN) and reflectance values. We find a slight decrease in the total averaged DN (0.5) and reflectance (<; 0.5%, relative bias) values. The variation in DN or reflectance after the image restoration process exhibits a positive correlation with homogeneity of the original target. Moreover, a sensitivity study on the reflectance reveals that it has a more significant impact on the inhomogeneous pixel with a low DN value.