Frontiers in noninvasive cardiac mapping rotors in atrial fibrillation-body surface frequency-phase mapping.

Experimental and clinical data demonstrate that atrial fibrillation (AF) maintenance in animals and groups of patients depends on localized reentrant sources localized primarily to the pulmonary veins and the left atrium posterior wall in paroxysmal AF but elsewhere, including the right atrium, in persistent AF. Moreover, AF can be eliminated by directly ablating AF-driving sources, or “rotors,” that exhibit high- frequency periodic activity.

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