Synthesis of Large Sparse Arrays Using IDEA (Inflating-Deflating Exploration Algorithm)

We introduce an effective antenna array synthesis algorithm which is aimed to the generation of sparse arrays radiating patterns with arbitrary upper bounds. The approach based on a convex optimization exploits an iterative polygonal expansion and contraction of the sources, and is suitable for the synthesis of linear and planar arrays. Numerical simulations show that the proposed algorithm allows a degree of sparsification equal or better than the one achievable by concurrent algorithms, with a significantly lower computational burden with respect to the best ones, allowing the effective synthesis of sparse arrays of hundreds of wavelengths with simple office computers.

[1]  Randy L. Haupt,et al.  Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms , 1993, Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[2]  W. Keizer.  Linear Array Thinning Using Iterative FFT Techniques , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[3]  Erik G. Larsson,et al.  Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[4]  M. D'Urso,et al.  Maximally Sparse Arrays Via Sequential Convex Optimizations , 2012, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[5]  Stefano Perna,et al.  Interleaved Isophoric Sparse Arrays for the Radiation of Steerable and Switchable Beams in Satellite Communications , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[6]  E. Pike,et al.  Element positioning for linear arrays using generalized Gaussian quadrature , 2003 .

[7]  Z. Yu,et al.  Linear Aperiodic Array Synthesis Using an Improved Genetic Algorithm , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[8]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  A Hybrid Optimization for Pattern Synthesis of Large Antenna Arrays , 2014 .

[9]  A. Massa,et al.  Complex-Weight Sparse Linear Array Synthesis by Bayesian Compressive Sampling , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[10]  Paolo Rocca,et al.  Robust mask-constrained linear array synthesis through an interval-based particle swarm optimisation , 2013 .

[11]  A. Massa,et al.  Peak sidelobe level reduction with a hybrid approach based on GAs and difference sets , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[12]  H.A.C. Tilmans,et al.  Design considerations and technology assessment of phased-array antenna systems with RF MEMS for automotive radar applications , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[13]  Fang Li,et al.  Reducing the Number of Elements in Linear and Planar Antenna Arrays With Sparseness Constrained Optimization , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[14]  D. Pinchera,et al.  Advances in the Deterministic Synthesis of Uniform Amplitude Pencil Beam Concentric Ring Arrays , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[15]  Thomas Jansen,et al.  Computational Complexity of Evolutionary Algorithms , 2012, Handbook of Natural Computing.

[16]  R. Leahy,et al.  On the design of maximally sparse beamforming arrays , 1991 .

[17]  Stefano Perna,et al.  A Lexicographic Approach for Multi-Objective Optimization in Antenna Array Design , 2017 .

[18]  Marco Donald Migliore,et al.  A Compressive-Sensing Inspired Alternate Projection Algorithm for Sparse Array Synthesis , 2016 .

[19]  Andrea Trucco,et al.  Synthesis of sparse planar arrays , 1997 .

[20]  Zhaoshui He,et al.  A modified real GA for the sparse linear array synthesis with multiple constraints , 2006 .

[21]  Zhiqin Zhao,et al.  Synthesis of sparse planar arrays with matrix pencil method , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Computational Problem-Solving (ICCP).

[22]  B. Fuchs.  Synthesis of Sparse Arrays With Focused or Shaped Beampattern via Sequential Convex Optimizations , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[23]  D. Pinchera,et al.  A Generalized Hybrid Approach for the Synthesis of Uniform Amplitude Pencil Beam Ring-Arrays , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[24]  Marco Donald Migliore,et al.  An Effective Compressed-Sensing Inspired Deterministic Algorithm for Sparse Array Synthesis , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[25]  Fenggan Zhang,et al.  Linear Aperiodic Array Synthesis Using Differential Evolution Algorithm , 2013, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[26]  Douglas H. Werner,et al.  Optimization of thinned aperiodic linear phased arrays using genetic algorithms to reduce grating lobes during scanning , 2002 .

[27]  Stefano Perna,et al.  Synthesis of Isophoric Sparse Arrays Allowing Zoomable Beams and Arbitrary Coverage in Satellite Communications , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[28]  Marco Donald Migliore,et al.  Antenna Arrays for Line-of-Sight Massive MIMO: Half Wavelength is not Enough , 2017, ArXiv.

[29]  T. Isernia,et al.  Solving Some Array Synthesis Problems by Means of an Effective Hybrid Approach , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[30]  Tommaso Isernia,et al.  Isophoric Sparse Arrays Ensuring Global Coverage in Satellite Communications , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[31]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Sparsening Conformal Arrays Through a Versatile $BCS$-Based Method , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[32]  S. Holm,et al.  Properties of the beampattern of weight- and layout-optimized sparse arrays , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[33]  J. A. Araque Quijano,et al.  Sparse 2-D Array Placement for Arbitrary Pattern Mask and With Excitation Constraints: A Simple Deterministic Approach , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[34]  J. N. Sahalos,et al.  Sparse Linear Array Synthesis With Multiple Constraints Using Differential Evolution With Strategy Adaptation , 2011, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[35]  A. Massa,et al.  Bayesian Compressive Sampling for Pattern Synthesis With Maximally Sparse Non-Uniform Linear Arrays , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[36]  D. Caratelli,et al.  A Novel Deterministic Synthesis Technique for Constrained Sparse Array Design Problems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[37]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Synthesis of Sparse or Thinned Linear and Planar Arrays Generating Reconfigurable Multiple Real Patterns by Iterative Linear Programming , 2016 .

[38]  A. Massa,et al.  Linear Array Thinning Exploiting Almost Difference Sets , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[39]  Marco Donald Migliore,et al.  Comparison Guidelines and Benchmark Procedure for Sparse Array Synthesis , 2016 .

[40]  A. Massa,et al.  LINEAR ANTENNA SYNTHESIS WITH A HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM , 2004 .

[41]  Giancarlo Prisco,et al.  Maximally Sparse, Steerable, and Nonsuperdirective Array Antennas via Convex Optimizations , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[42]  R.G. Baraniuk,et al.  Compressive Sensing [Lecture Notes] , 2007, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[43]  Z. Nie,et al.  Reducing the Number of Elements in a Linear Antenna Array by the Matrix Pencil Method , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[44]  E. Rajo-Iglesias,et al.  Ant Colony Optimization in Thinned Array Synthesis With Minimum Sidelobe Level , 2006, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[45]  Wee Ser,et al.  Linear Sparse Array Synthesis With Minimum Number of Sensors , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.