Genetic Diversity Between Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Unstored and Cold Stored Kiwi fruit

Ninety isolates of Botrytis cinerea collected from kiwi fruit in orchards and in cold storage were compared phenotypically and genetically. The phenotypic characters evaluated were conidia germination, germ tube length and mycelial growth at 0 � and 20 � C. At 20 � C the two populations showed slight differences but, at 0 � C, isolates from cold storage appeared to grow significantly faster than isolates from orchards. Isolates were then scored with six genetic markers with the aim of investigating population, genetic structure and the mode of reproduction. We detected no genetic differentiation between isolates from orchards and those from cold storage. This suggests that low temperature adaptation of B. cinerea isolates does not have a genetic basis. By contrast, we found great intra-population genetic diversity, observations suggesting the occurrence of genetic recombination which follows sexual reproduction or alternatively of parasexuality.

[1]  N. Ryman,et al.  Statistical power when testing for genetic differentiation , 2001, Molecular ecology.

[2]  P. Melgarejo,et al.  Genetic diversity in Botrytis cinerea populations on vegetable crops in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain , 2000 .

[3]  T. Michailides,et al.  Botrytis Gray Mold of Kiwifruit Caused by Botrytis cinerea in the United States and New Zealand. , 2000, Plant disease.

[4]  S. Tian,et al.  Effect of temperature during conidial formation of Monilinia laxa on conidial size, germination and infection of stored nectarines , 1999 .

[5]  T. Giraud,et al.  RFLP markers show genetic recombination in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) and transposable elements reveal two sympatric species. , 1997, Molecular biology and evolution.

[6]  J. V. van Kan,et al.  Variation in Pathogenicity and DNA Polymorphism Among Botrytis cinerea Isolates Sampled Inside and Outside a Glasshouse. , 1997, Plant disease.

[7]  S. Tian,et al.  Changes in conidial morphology and germinability of Botrytis allii and Penicillium hirsutum in response to low-temperature incubation , 1996 .

[8]  S. Tian,et al.  Effects of low temperature on mycelial growth and spore germination of Botrytis allii in culture and on its pathogenicity to stored garlic bulbs , 1995 .

[9]  T. Michailides,et al.  Effects of temperature on isolates of Fusarium moniliforme causing fig endosepsis and Aspergillus niger causing smut , 1995 .

[10]  O. Yarden.  Mutations leading to substitutions at amino acids 198 and 200 of beta-tubulin that correlate with benomyl-resistance phenotypes of field strains of Botrytis cinerea , 1993 .

[11]  H. Sandermann,et al.  A simple and efficient protocol for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from filamentous fungi, fruit bodies, and infected plant tissues. , 1992, Nucleic acids research.

[12]  L. Excoffier,et al.  Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. , 1992, Genetics.

[13]  F. Faretra,et al.  Genetic basis of resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) , 1991 .

[14]  F. Ayala,et al.  Are eukaryotic microorganisms clonal or sexual? A population genetics vantage. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  G. Leone.  In vivo and in vitro phosphate-dependent polygalacturonase production by different isolates of Botrytis cinerea , 1990 .

[16]  J. Fletcher,et al.  Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986 , 1988 .

[17]  F. Faretra,et al.  Improvement of the technique used for obtaining apothecia of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) under controlled conditions. , 1988 .

[18]  T. Hunter,et al.  Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants , 1987 .

[19]  G. Lorenz,et al.  Resistance management strategies for dicarboximide fungicides in grapes: results of six years' trial work , 1987 .

[20]  M. Nei.  Molecular Evolutionary Genetics , 1987 .

[21]  Susan R. Wilson,et al.  Log-linear models for linked loci. , 1984, Biometrics.

[22]  E. Pommer,et al.  Morphological and physiological characteristics of dicarboximide‐sensitive and resistant isolates of Botrytis cinerea1 , 1985 .

[23]  W. Jarvis,et al.  The biology of Botrytis. , 1983 .

[24]  P. Marcianò,et al.  Comparative Investigation on Morphological and Physiological Features of Three Isolates of Botrytis cinerea , 1981 .

[25]  M. Grindle.  Phenotypic Differences Between Natural and Induced Variants of Botrytis cinerea , 1979 .

[26]  C. Dennis,et al.  The effect of temperature on strains of soft fruit spoilage fungi , 1976 .

[27]  W. Brown.  On the Germination and Growth of Fungi at various Temperatures and in various Concentrations of Oxygen and of Carbon Dioxide , 1922 .