Near-Surface Applied Geophysics

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Data analysis 3. Magnetics 4. Electrical resistivity method 5. Induced polarization and self-potential 6. Seismic reflection and refraction 7. Seismic surface wave analysis 8. Electromagnetic induction 9. Ground-penetrating radar 10. Emerging techniques 11. Linear inversion 12. Nonlinear inversion: local methods 13. Nonlinear inversion: global methods Appendix A. Shannon sampling theorem Appendix B. Solution of Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates Appendix C. The linear tau-p transformation of seismic data Appendix D. Horizontal loop over a conducting halfspace Appendix E. Radar TE waveguide mode equations References Index.

[1]  M. Poddar.  A rectangular loop source of current on multilayered earth , 1983 .

[2]  K. Titov,et al.  Theoretical and experimental study of time domain-induced polarization in water-saturated sands , 2002 .

[3]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 1980 .

[4]  Waymond R. Scott,et al.  An investigation of surface-contacting sensors for the seismic detection of buried landmines , 2006 .

[5]  A. Neal.  Ground-penetrating radar and its use in sedimentology: principles, problems and progress , 2004 .

[6]  Barry F. Beck,et al.  Investigation of groundwater flow in karst areas using component separation of natural potential measurements , 1999 .

[7]  C. Slichter.  Principles of magnetic resonance , 1963 .

[8]  G. W. Hohmann,et al.  4. Electromagnetic Theory for Geophysical Applications , 1987 .

[9]  James R. Wait.  Mutual coupling of loops lying on the ground , 1954 .

[10]  Alan D. Chave,et al.  Numerical integration of related Hankel transforms by quadrature and continued fraction expansion , 1983 .

[11]  I. J. Won,et al.  Automated anomaly picking from broadband electromagnetic data in an unexploded ordnance (UXO) survey , 2003 .

[12]  D. Lindley.  On a Measure of the Information Provided by an Experiment , 1956 .

[13]  E. T. Jaynes,et al.  BAYESIAN METHODS: GENERAL BACKGROUND ? An Introductory Tutorial , 1986 .

[14]  M. Moscatelli,et al.  The new Col di Tenda tunnel between Italy and France: Integrated geological investigations and geophysical prospections for preliminary studies on the Italian side , 2006 .

[15]  John A. Sharp,et al.  Werner deconvolution for automated magnetic interpretation and its refinement using Marquardt's inverse modeling , 1983 .

[16]  Colin A. Zelt,et al.  Three‐dimensional seismic refraction tomography: A comparison of two methods applied to data from the Faeroe Basin , 1998 .

[17]  Henri Budan,et al.  Dielectric Dispersion: A New Wireline Petrophysical Measurement , 2008 .

[18]  D. Munn,et al.  Cementation Exponents in Middle Eastern Carbonate Reservoirs , 1987 .

[19]  M. Lebedev,et al.  Seismic wave attenuation and dispersion resulting from wave-induced flow in porous rocks — A review , 2010 .

[20]  P. Hansen.  The truncatedSVD as a method for regularization , 1987 .

[21]  C. M. Reeves,et al.  Function minimization by conjugate gradients , 1964, Comput. J..

[22]  John N. Louie,et al.  Faster, Better: Shear-Wave Velocity to 100 Meters Depth From Refraction Microtremor Arrays , 2001 .

[23]  Marcello Ciminale,et al.  High-resolution magnetic survey in a quasi-urban environment , 2008 .

[24]  L. Ingber.  Very fast simulated re-annealing , 1989 .

[25]  N. A. Haskell.  The Dispersion of Surface Waves on Multilayered Media , 1953 .

[26]  A. Hippel,et al.  Dielectrics and Waves , 1966 .

[27]  J. Wynn,et al.  9. Resistivity, Induced Polarization, and Complex Resistivity , 2005 .

[28]  Kenneth H. Stokoe,et al.  USE OF SURFACE WAVES IN PAVEMENT EVALUATION. , 1986 .

[29]  F. Harris.  On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform , 1978, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[30]  Norman Epstein,et al.  Theory of electrokinetic flow in fine cylindrical capillaries at high zeta-potentials , 1975 .

[31]  Walter R. Roest,et al.  Identifying remanent magnetization effects in magnetic data , 1993 .

[32]  James Irving,et al.  Removal of Wavelet Dispersion from Ground-Penetrating Radar Data , 2003 .

[33]  David Beamish,et al.  Quantitative 2D VLF data interpretation , 2000 .

[34]  James G. Berryman,et al.  Seismic attenuation due to wave-induced flow , 2004 .

[35]  C. Chapman.  Fundamentals of Seismic Wave Propagation: Frontmatter , 2004 .

[36]  P. Weichman,et al.  Theory of surface nuclear magnetic resonance with applications to geophysical imaging problems , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[37]  Peiliang Xu.  Truncated SVD methods for discrete linear ill-posed problems , 1998 .

[38]  G. F. West,et al.  1. Physics of the Electromagnetic Induction Exploration Method , 1991 .

[39]  Carlos Duque,et al.  Combined time domain electromagnetic soundings and gravimetry to determine marine intrusion in a detrital coastal aquifer (Southern Spain) , 2008 .

[40]  Tadeusz J. Ulrych,et al.  A Bayes tour of inversion: A tutorial , 2001 .

[41]  A. Chulliat,et al.  International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the eleventh generation , 2010 .

[42]  Karl E. Butler,et al.  Seismoelectric imaging of the vadose zone of a sand aquifer , 2007 .

[43]  M. Hestenes,et al.  Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems , 1952 .

[44]  Floyd E. Toole.  Loudspeaker Measurements and Their Relationship to Listener Preferences: Part 1 , 1986 .

[45]  A. Christiansen,et al.  Quasi-3D modeling of airborne TEM data by spatially constrained inversion , 2008 .

[46]  M. Chouteau,et al.  Geophysical characterization of contaminated urban fills , 2010 .

[47]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  The paradox of anisotropy in electromagnetic loop‐loop responses over a uniaxial half‐space , 2003 .

[48]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  QT inversion — Comprehensive use of the complete surface NMR data set , 2010 .

[49]  Scott L. Nichol,et al.  GPR stratigraphy of a large active dune on Parengarenga Sandspit, New Zealand , 2003 .

[50]  Tomáš Fischer,et al.  Shear and tensile earthquakes caused by fluid injection , 2011 .

[51]  H. Szu.  Fast simulated annealing , 1987 .

[52]  Torkjell Stenvold,et al.  Monitoring gas production and CO2 injection at the Sleipner field using time-lapse gravimetry , 2008 .

[53]  V. J. S. Grauch,et al.  6. Magnetic Methods in Near-Surface Geophysics , 2005 .

[54]  J. P. Lindsey,et al.  The Fresnel zone and its interpretive significance , 1989 .

[55]  Matthias Holschneider,et al.  Wavelet analysis of potential fields , 1997 .

[56]  Phil C Sirles.  Use of Geophysics for Transportation Projects , 2006 .

[57]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Electric dipole fields over an anisotropic seafloor: theory and application to the structure of 40 ma pacific ocean lithosphere , 1999 .

[58]  Mrinal K. Sen,et al.  Artificial neural networks for parameter estimation in geophysics , 2000 .

[59]  W R Hudson,et al.  USE OF SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVES METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MODULI AND THICKNESSES OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS. , 1983 .

[60]  E. R. Kanasewich,et al.  Time sequence analysis in geophysics , 1973 .

[61]  C. Johnson,et al.  Continuous resistivity profiling to delineate submarine groundwater discharge - Examples and limitations , 2006 .

[62]  Hojatollah Vali,et al.  Occurrence of magnetic bacteria in soil , 1990, Nature.

[63]  R. Bellman.  Dynamic programming. , 1957, Science.

[64]  Roel Snieder,et al.  To Bayes or not to Bayes , 1997 .

[65]  Donald Geman,et al.  Stochastic Relaxation, Gibbs Distributions, and the Bayesian Restoration of Images , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[66]  Kenneth J. Hintz,et al.  SNR improvements in NIITEK ground-penetrating radar , 2004, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[67]  Alan G. Jones,et al.  The magnetotelluric method : theory and practice , 2012 .

[68]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Geophysical investigation of the June 6, 1944 D‐Day invasion site at Pointe du Hoc, Normandy, France , 2005 .

[69]  S. Deregowski,et al.  What is DMO , 1986 .

[70]  Lanbo Liu,et al.  Site effects on earthquake ground motion based on microtremor measurements for metropolitan Beijing , 2009 .

[71]  Marian Hertrich,et al.  Imaging of groundwater with nuclear magnetic resonance , 2008 .

[72]  Nicolas Florsch,et al.  Quantification of slag heap volumes and masses through the use of induced polarization: application to the Castel-Minier site , 2011 .

[73]  Ulrich Polom,et al.  Sinkholes in the city of Hamburg—New urban shear-wave reflection seismic system enables high-resolution imaging of subrosion structures , 2012 .

[74]  Walter L. Anderson,et al.  Computer program; numerical integration of related Hankel transforms of orders O and 1 by adaptive digital filtering , 1979 .

[75]  G. Petiau.  Second Generation of Lead-lead Chloride Electrodes for Geophysical Applications , 2000 .

[76]  Prem V. Sharma.  Environmental and Engineering Geophysics by Prem V. Sharma , 1997 .

[77]  S. Treitel,et al.  A REVIEW OF LEAST-SQUARES INVERSION AND ITS APPLICATION TO GEOPHYSICAL PROBLEMS* , 1984 .

[78]  G. J. Palacky,et al.  DAMPED LEAST-SQUARES INVERSION OF TIME-DOMAIN AIRBORNE EM DATA BASED ON SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION1 , 1991 .

[79]  Gregory S. Baker.  Processing near-surface seismic-reflection data : a primer , 1999 .

[80]  G. Arfken.  Mathematical Methods for Physicists , 1967 .

[81]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Multi-Component Ground Penetrating Radar for Improved Imaging and Target Discrimination , 2005 .

[82]  C. Fowler,et al.  The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics , 1990 .

[83]  Brian W. Stump,et al.  The Dallas-Fort Worth Earthquake Sequence: October 2008 through May 2009 , 2011 .

[84]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  The self-organizing map , 1990 .

[85]  W. K. Hastings,et al.  Monte Carlo Sampling Methods Using Markov Chains and Their Applications , 1970 .

[86]  Don W. Steeples,et al.  High-resolution common-depth-point reflection profiling: Field acquisition parameter design , 1986 .

[87]  G. Temple.  Static and Dynamic Electricity , 1940, Nature.

[88]  Douglas W. Oldenburg,et al.  Calculation of sensitivities for the frequency-domain electromagnetic problem , 1994 .

[89]  A. H. Thompson,et al.  Geophysical applications of electrokinetic conversion , 1993 .

[90]  A. Gudmundsson,et al.  Rock Fractures in Geological Processes , 2011 .

[91]  S. Friedman,et al.  Relationships between the Electrical and Hydrogeological Properties of Rocks and Soils , 2005 .

[92]  Milton Blander,et al.  Chemical physics of ionic solutions: edited by B. E. Conway and R. G. Barradas. 622 pages, diagrams, illustr. 6 × 9 in. New York, Wiley and Sons, 1966. $25.00 , 1967 .

[93]  S. K. Runcorn,et al.  Interpretation theory in applied geophysics , 1965 .

[94]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Detection of near-surface horizontal anisotropy in a weathered metamorphic schist at Llano Uplift (Texas) by transient electromagnetic induction , 2006 .

[95]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Target signal enhancement in near-surface controlled-source electromagnetic data , 2005 .

[96]  T. Uram,et al.  Tikhonov regularization of electrical conductivity depth profiles in field soils , 1997 .

[97]  Douglas LaBrecque,et al.  Assessment of measurement errors for galvanic-resistivity electrodes of different composition , 2008 .

[98]  G. Vasseur,et al.  ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF SOURCES AT THE SURFACE OF A HOMOGENEOUS CONDUCTING HALFSPACE WITH HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY: APPLICATION TO FISSURED MEDIA* , 1981 .

[99]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Theoretical Developments in Electromagnetic Induction Geophysics with Selected Applications in the Near Surface , 2011, Surveys in Geophysics.

[100]  Sebastiano Foti,et al.  Surface-wave analysis for building near-surface velocity models — Established approaches and new perspectives , 2010 .

[101]  R. Bracewell.  The Fourier Transform and Its Applications , 1966 .

[102]  A. P. French,et al.  Vibrations and Waves , 1971 .

[103]  Michel Campillo,et al.  High-Resolution Surface-Wave Tomography from Ambient Seismic Noise , 2005, Science.

[104]  A. Bloom.  Principles of operation of the rubidium vapor magnetometer , 1962 .

[105]  Steven R. Pride,et al.  Electroseismic waves from point sources in layered media , 1997 .

[106]  S. M. Doherty,et al.  Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data , 2000 .

[107]  Roberto Orosei,et al.  Mars North Polar Deposits: Stratigraphy, Age, and Geodynamical Response , 2008, Science.

[108]  Eskola,et al.  Measurement of magnetic properties of steel sheets , 1999 .

[109]  Dwain K. Butler,et al.  Implications of magnetic backgrounds for unexploded ordnance detection , 2003 .

[110]  T. Dahlin.  The development of DC resistivity imaging techniques , 2001 .

[111]  G. Meurant.  The Lanczos and conjugate gradient algorithms , 2008 .

[112]  D. T. Thompson,et al.  EULDPH: A new technique for making computer-assisted depth estimates from magnetic data , 1982 .

[113]  K. Selvan.  A Revisiting of Scientific and Philosophical Perspectives on Maxwell's Displacement Current , 2009, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[114]  Pride,et al.  Governing equations for the coupled electromagnetics and acoustics of porous media. , 1994, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[115]  D. A. Dunnett.  Classical Electrodynamics , 2020, Nature.

[116]  Sebastiano Foti,et al.  A new misfit function for multimodal inversion of surface waves , 2010 .

[117]  Scott L. Painter,et al.  Evidence for Non‐Gaussian Scaling Behavior in Heterogeneous Sedimentary Formations , 1996 .

[118]  E. Manguelle-Dicoum,et al.  Structural features of South-Adamawa (Cameroon) inferred from magnetic anomalies: Hydrogeological implications , 2010 .

[119]  Lee Slater,et al.  On the relationship between induced polarization and surface area in metal-sand and clay-sand mixtures , 2006 .

[120]  R. T. Shuey,et al.  A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations , 1985 .

[121]  Stanley H. Ward,et al.  Inductive Sounding of a Layered Earth with a Horizontal Magnetic Dipole , 1970 .

[122]  Yuan-Hsi Lee,et al.  Coseismic displacement, bilateral rupture, and structural characteristics at the southern end of the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake rupture, central Taiwan , 2011 .

[123]  Kenneth L. Zonge,et al.  9. Controlled Source Audio-Frequency Magnetotellurics , 1991 .

[124]  Roelof Versteeg,et al.  Impact of local recharge on arsenic concentrations in shallow aquifers inferred from the electromagnetic conductivity of soils in Araihazar, Bangladesh , 2008 .

[125]  Harold M. Mooney,et al.  THE ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF SULFIDE SELF-POTENTIALS* , 1960 .

[126]  P. Domenico,et al.  Physical and chemical hydrogeology , 1990 .

[127]  N. Linford.  The application of geophysical methods to archaeological prospection , 2006 .

[128]  E. Auken,et al.  A survey of current trends in near-surface electrical and electromagnetic methods , 2006 .

[129]  Evert Slob,et al.  Practical representations of electromagnetic interferometry for GPR applications: a tutorial , 2008 .

[130]  Christoph Schwarzbach,et al.  Two‐dimensional inversion of direct current resistivity data using a parallel, multi‐objective genetic algorithm , 2005 .

[131]  Alan G. Green,et al.  Reducing source-generated noise in shallow seismic data using linear and hyperbolic τ-p transformations , 2001 .

[132]  Brian Berkowitz,et al.  Quantification of Non‐Fickian Transport in Fractured Formations , 2013 .

[133]  Larry J. Hughes.  Mapping contaminant-transport structures in karst bedrock with ground-penetrating radar , 2009 .

[134]  John M. Reynolds,et al.  An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics , 1997 .

[135]  Keiiti Aki,et al.  Space and Time Spectra of Stationary Stochastic Waves, with Special Reference to Microtremors , 1957 .

[136]  E. R. Andrew,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Historical Overview , 2007 .

[137]  Dwain K. Butler.  1. What Is Near-Surface Geophysics? , 2005 .

[138]  Alan G. Green,et al.  Vector-migration of standard copolarized 3D GPR data , 2007 .

[139]  Victor F. Labson,et al.  10. Electromagnetic Induction Methods for Environmental Problems , 2005 .

[140]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Matrix computations , 1983 .

[141]  Christine E. Krohn,et al.  Geophone ground coupling , 1984 .

[142]  Peter G. Doyle,et al.  Random Walks and Electric Networks: REFERENCES , 1987 .

[143]  J. D. McNeill,et al.  7. Geological Mapping Using VLF Radio Fields , 1991 .

[144]  B. Cheo,et al.  A reciprocity theorem for electromagnetic fields with general time dependence , 1965 .

[145]  David Gubbins,et al.  Time Series Analysis and Inverse Theory for Geophysicists , 2004 .

[146]  J. Lyklema,et al.  Measurement and Interpretation of Electrokinetic Phenomena (IUPAC Technical Report) , 2005 .

[147]  Motoyuki Sato,et al.  ALIS deployment in Cambodia , 2012, Other Conferences.

[148]  Jawwad Ahmad,et al.  High-resolution seismic and resistivity profiling of a buried Quaternary subglacial valley: Northern Alberta, Canada , 2009 .

[149]  Ginette Saracco,et al.  Depth determinations of shallow hydrothermal systems by self-potential and multi-scale wavelet tomography , 2010 .

[150]  Shmulik P. Friedman,et al.  Effect of particle size distribution on the effective dielectric permittivity of saturated granular media , 2001 .

[151]  Ron D. Barker,et al.  Differentiating anisotropy and lateral effects using azimuthal resistivity offset Wenner soundings , 1999 .

[152]  A. K. Jonscher,et al.  The ‘universal’ dielectric response , 1977, Nature.

[153]  R. J. Hunter,et al.  Measurement and Interpretation of Electrokinetic Phenomena (IUPAC Technical Report) , 2005 .

[154]  Misac N. Nabighian,et al.  Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics , 1988 .

[155]  Fred Kofi Boadu,et al.  Determining subsurface fracture characteristics from azimuthal resistivity surveys: A case study at Nsawam, Ghana , 2005 .

[156]  Charles Elachi,et al.  Radiation patterns of interfacial dipole antennas , 1982 .

[157]  U. Toussaint,et al.  Bayesian inference in physics , 2011 .

[158]  A. P. Annan.  Chapter 1 – Electromagnetic Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar , 2009 .

[159]  Hongliu Zeng.  How thin is a thin bed? An alternative perspective , 2009 .

[160]  P. Sailhac,et al.  Use of the analytic signal to identify magnetic anomalies due to kimberlite pipes , 2004 .

[161]  C. Metz.  Basic principles of ROC analysis. , 1978, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[162]  Shu-Yi Zhang,et al.  Singular value decomposition-based reconstruction algorithm for seismic traveltime tomography , 1999, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[163]  Evert Slob,et al.  Two-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution: spatial sampling aspects , 2012 .

[164]  E. Vázquez-Suñé,et al.  High-resolution seismic characterization in an urban area: Subway tunnel construction in Barcelona, Spain , 2008 .

[165]  Andreas Kemna,et al.  Geophysical monitoring of coupled microbial and geochemical processes during stimulated subsurface bioremediation. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[166]  Paul L. Stoffa,et al.  The traveltime equation, tau‐p mapping, and inversion of common midpoint data , 1981 .

[167]  Elijah Polak,et al.  Computational methods in optimization , 1971 .

[168]  Hans O. Jahns,et al.  A Rapid Method for Obtaining a Two-Dimensional Reservoir Description From Well Pressure Response Data , 1966 .

[169]  J. Keller.  Diffraction by an Aperture , 1957 .

[170]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[171]  C. D. Gelatt,et al.  Optimization by Simulated Annealing , 1983, Science.

[172]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Evaluation of surface nuclear magnetic resonance-estimated subsurface water content , 2011 .

[173]  Bernd Kulessa,et al.  A microbial fuel cell in contaminated ground delineated by electrical self‐potential and normalized induced polarization data , 2010 .

[174]  Wg Burgess,et al.  Estimating transmissivity from surface resistivity soundings: an example from the Thames Gravels , 1999, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology.

[175]  E. Becker,et al.  Development of NMR: From the Early Beginnings to the Early 1990s , 2007 .

[176]  Filippos Vallianatos,et al.  Estimation of aquifer hydraulic parameters from surficial geophysical methods: A case study of Keritis Basin in Chania (Crete - Greece) , 2007 .

[177]  Nazli Ismail,et al.  The electrical conductivity distribution of the Hallandsas Horst, Sweden : a controlled source radiomagnetotelluric study , 2011 .

[178]  Ping Wang,et al.  Erosional and depositional characteristics of regional overwash deposits caused by multiple hurricanes , 2007 .

[179]  Gregory S. Baker,et al.  Near-surface seismic reflection profiling of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska , 2003 .

[180]  Colin A. Zelt,et al.  3D seismic refraction traveltime tomography at a groundwater contamination site , 2006 .

[181]  J. Scales.  Tomographic inversion via the conjugate gradient method , 1987 .

[182]  E. Foufoula‐Georgiou,et al.  Wavelet analysis for geophysical applications , 1997 .

[183]  Wallace H. Campbell,et al.  Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields , 1971 .

[184]  A. Ghorbani,et al.  Complex conductivity of water-saturated packs of glass beads. , 2008, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[185]  William Rodi,et al.  Nonlinear conjugate gradients algorithm for 2-D magnetotelluric inversion , 2001 .

[186]  Gilberto Saccorotti,et al.  Shallow-velocity models at the Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of tremor wavefields , 2003 .

[187]  Arthur W. Warrick,et al.  A Sensitivity Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Array Types Using Analytical Element Modeling , 2003 .

[188]  M. Everett,et al.  Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Magnetotelluric Inversion Using a Genetic Algorithm , 1993 .

[189]  Karl E. Butler,et al.  Trends in waterborne electrical and EM induction methods for high resolution sub‐bottom imaging , 2009 .

[190]  R. K. Wangsness.  Electromagnetic fields , 1979 .

[191]  Bülent Tezkan,et al.  Two‐dimensional joint inversion of radiomagnetotelluric and direct current resistivity data , 2008 .

[192]  Paul Segall,et al.  Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction , 1989 .

[193]  D. Percival,et al.  Physiological time series: distinguishing fractal noises from motions , 2000, Pflügers Archiv.

[194]  Andrea Viezzoli,et al.  An integrated study of the hydrogeology of volcanic islands using helicopter borne transient electromagnetic: Application in the Galápagos Archipelago , 2009 .

[195]  John J. Sein.  Derivation of the laws of reflection and refraction by Huygens’s construction , 1982 .

[196]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Learning representations by back-propagating errors , 1986, Nature.

[197]  W. Thomson,et al.  Transmission of Elastic Waves through a Stratified Solid Medium , 1950 .

[198]  Tamaz Chelidze,et al.  Electrical spectroscopy of porous rocks: a review—I. Theoretical models , 1999 .

[199]  D. Marquardt.  An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters , 1963 .

[200]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines , 1980 .

[201]  Don W. Steeples,et al.  Source-Dependent Frequency Content of Ultrashallow Seismic Reflection Data , 2000 .

[202]  W. Menke.  Geophysical data analysis : discrete inverse theory , 1984 .

[203]  E. Rizzo,et al.  Hydrogeological insights at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from geoelectrical, temperature, and CO2 soil degassing investigations , 2006 .

[204]  C. Gaffney,et al.  Large-scale systematic fluxgate gradiometry at the roman city of Wroxeter , 2000 .

[205]  M. Nabighian,et al.  The historical development of the magnetic method in exploration , 2005 .

[206]  Christopher L. Liner,et al.  Concepts of normal and dip movement , 1999 .

[207]  M. R. Osborne,et al.  Methods for unconstrained optimization problems , 1968 .

[208]  I. W. Somerton,et al.  Magnetic interpretation in three dimensions using Euler deconvolution , 1990 .

[209]  M. B. Widess.  HOW THIN IS A THIN BED , 1973 .

[210]  W. E. Johnson.  I.—PROBABILITY: THE DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE PROBLEMS , 1932 .

[211]  Nicolas Le Moigne,et al.  Time-lapse microgravity surveys reveal water storage heterogeneity of a karst aquifer , 2010 .

[212]  D. Sornette,et al.  Extreme Deviations and Applications , 1997, cond-mat/9705132.

[213]  Burke J. Minsley,et al.  Three-dimensional source inversion of self-potential data , 2007 .

[214]  Lawrence B. Conyers,et al.  Discovery, mapping and interpretation of buried cultural resources non-invasively with ground-penetrating radar , 2011 .

[215]  Stéphane Garambois,et al.  Seismoelectric wave conversions in porous media: Field measurements and transfer function analysis , 2001 .

[216]  Alan G. Green,et al.  Efficient acquisition, processing, and interpretation strategy for shallow 3D seismic surveying: A Case Study , 2003 .

[217]  S. Dasberg,et al.  Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements of Water Content and Electrical Conductivity of Layered Soil Columns , 1991 .

[218]  M. Wysession,et al.  An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure , 2002 .

[219]  Thompson,et al.  Quantitative prediction of permeability in porous rock. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[220]  F. Tsui,et al.  Analytical modelling of the dielectric properties of concrete for subsurface radar applications , 1997 .

[221]  C. L. Rice,et al.  Electrokinetic Flow in a Narrow Cylindrical Capillary , 1965 .

[222]  K. Cole,et al.  Dispersion and Absorption in Dielectrics I. Alternating Current Characteristics , 1941 .

[223]  Pierre Keating,et al.  Estimating depth and model type using the continuous wavelet transform of magnetic data , 2004 .

[224]  Guy Drijkoningen,et al.  Genetic algorithms : an evolution from Monte Carlo methods for strongly non-linear geophysical optimization problems , 1991 .

[225]  C. Kittel.  Introduction to solid state physics , 1954 .

[226]  Andrew Binley,et al.  Textural controls on low-frequency electrical spectra of porous media , 2010 .

[227]  D. Parasnis,et al.  Principles of Applied Geophysics , 1962 .

[228]  Aysan Gürer,et al.  Deliniation of Weathering in the Çatalca Granite Quarry with the Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetic Method , 2008 .

[229]  Mark E. Everett.  What do electromagnetic induction responses measure , 2005 .

[230]  Jonathan B. Ajo-Franklin,et al.  Ultrasonic properties of granular media saturated with DNAPL/water mixtures , 2007 .

[231]  G. E. Archie.  The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics , 1942 .

[232]  James Macnae,et al.  6. Time Domain Electromagnetic Prospecting Methods , 1991 .

[233]  Laura Socco,et al.  Surface-wave method for near-surface characterization: a tutorial , 2004 .

[234]  Rosemary Knight,et al.  Ground Penetrating Radar for Environmental Applications , 2001 .

[235]  M. S. Tite,et al.  ENHANCEMENT OF THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOILS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES , 1971 .

[236]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy , 1989 .

[237]  H. Vinegar,et al.  Induced polarization of shaly sands , 1984 .

[238]  N. Metropolis,et al.  Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines , 1953, Resonance.

[239]  F. E. Richart,et al.  Vibrations of soils and foundations , 1970 .

[240]  D. Guptasarma,et al.  New digital linear filters for Hankel J0 and J1 transforms , 1997 .

[241]  Pascal Sailhac,et al.  Review of self-potential methods in hydrogeophysics. , 2009 .

[242]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Unexploded ordnance discrimination using time-domain electromagnetic induction and self-organizing maps , 2009 .

[243]  D. Rucker,et al.  Electrical-resistivity characterization of an industrial site using long electrodes , 2010 .

[244]  C. Graham,et al.  Introduction to Magnetic Materials , 1972 .

[245]  George V. Keller,et al.  Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting , 1981 .

[246]  H. Passalacqua.  Electromagnetic fields due to a thin resistive layer , 1983 .

[247]  Giorgio Cassiani,et al.  Multilayer ground-penetrating radar guided waves in shallow soil layers for estimating soil water content , 2007 .

[248]  Gordon R. J. Cooper,et al.  A generalized derivative operator for potential field data , 2011 .

[249]  Jianghai Xia,et al.  Imaging dispersion curves of surface waves on multi-channel record , 1998 .

[250]  Joseph N. Wilson,et al.  An evaluation of several fusion algorithms for anti-tank landmine detection and discrimination , 2012, Inf. Fusion.

[251]  Nils Ryden,et al.  Fast simulated annealing inversion of surface waves on pavement using phase-velocity spectra , 2006 .

[252]  David Beamish,et al.  Low induction number, ground conductivity meters: A correction procedure in the absence of magnetic effects , 2011 .

[253]  Jan Van der Kruk,et al.  Accurate Imaging of Multicomponent GPR Data Based on Exact Radiation Patterns , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[254]  M. K. Paul.  DIRECT INTERPRETATION OF SELF‐POTENTIAL ANOMALIES CAUSED BY INCLINED SHEETS OF INFINITE HORIZONTAL EXTENSIONS , 1965 .

[255]  Albert Tarantola,et al.  Inverse problem theory - and methods for model parameter estimation , 2004 .

[256]  Malcolm Sambridge,et al.  Multiarrival wavefront tracking and its applications , 2008 .

[257]  Mike Dentith,et al.  Inversion of potential field data by genetic algorithms , 1997 .

[258]  Lutz Riepe,et al.  Interlayer conductivity of rocks — a fractal model of interface irregularities for calculating interlayer conductivity of natural porous mineral systems , 1987 .

[259]  F. Lucia,et al.  Petrophysical Parameters Estimated From Visual Descriptions of Carbonate Rocks: A Field Classification of Carbonate Pore Space , 1983 .

[260]  Mrinal K. Sen,et al.  Global Optimization Methods in Geophysical Inversion , 1995 .

[261]  H. F. Morrison,et al.  QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OVER A LAYERED HALF SPACE , 1969 .

[262]  Walter L. Anderson,et al.  Effect of transmitter turn-off time on transient soundings , 1987 .

[263]  R. Knight,et al.  3. An Introduction to Rock Physics Principles for Near-Surface Geophysics , 2005 .

[264]  D. W. Strangway,et al.  Audio-frequency magnetotellurics with a grounded electric dipole source , 1975 .

[265]  L. Slater.  Near Surface Electrical Characterization of Hydraulic Conductivity: From Petrophysical Properties to Aquifer Geometries—A Review , 2007 .

[266]  Bülent Tezkan,et al.  A Review Of Environmental Applications Of Quasi-Stationary Electromagnetic Techniques , 1999 .

[267]  Vladimir Nikora,et al.  Despiking Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Data , 2002 .

[268]  Brent L. Rosenblad,et al.  Shear wave velocities of Mississippi embayment soils from low frequency surface wave measurements , 2010 .

[269]  Håvar Gjøystdal,et al.  Improved applicability of ray tracing in seismic acquisition, imaging, and interpretation , 2007 .

[270]  Salvatore Passaro,et al.  Marine electrical resistivity tomography for shipwreck detection in very shallow water: a case study from Agropoli (Salerno, southern Italy) , 2010 .

[271]  Debra Knopman,et al.  Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Future Options , 2005 .

[272]  Amos Nur,et al.  COMPRESSIONAL VELOCITY AND POROSITY IN SAND-CLAY MIXTURES , 1992 .

[273]  Laurence R. Bentley,et al.  Resolution of 3-D Electrical Resistivity Images from Inversions of 2-D Orthogonal Lines , 2005 .

[274]  Anatoly Legchenko,et al.  Processing of surface proton magnetic resonance signals using non-linear fitting , 1998 .

[275]  N. Odling,et al.  Scaling of fracture systems in geological media , 2001 .

[276]  Roger Parsons,et al.  The electrical double layer: recent experimental and theoretical developments , 1990 .

[277]  Stéphane Garambois,et al.  On the use of dispersive APVO GPR curves for thin-bed properties estimation: Theory and application to fracture characterization , 2009 .

[278]  J. G. Bryan,et al.  Detection of reflections on seismic records by linear operators , 1953 .

[279]  A. Malinverno.  Parsimonious Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion in a nonlinear geophysical problem , 2002 .

[280]  G. F. Miller,et al.  On the partition of energy between elastic waves in a semi-infinite solid , 1955, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[281]  J. Etgen,et al.  Seismic migration problems and solutions , 2001 .

[282]  J. Daniels,et al.  Ground penetrating radar polarization and scattering from cylinders , 2000 .

[283]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  Geological noise in near‐surface electromagnetic induction data , 2002 .

[284]  M. Karaoulis,et al.  Review: Some low-frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology , 2012, Hydrogeology Journal.

[285]  Dante Fratta,et al.  A Survey of Elastic and Electromagnetic Properties of Near-Surface Soils , 2009 .

[286]  W. R. Sill,et al.  Electrical properties of artificial clay-bearing sandstone , 1982 .

[287]  Mirko van der Baan,et al.  Neural networks in geophysical applications , 2000 .

[288]  David J. C. MacKay,et al.  Bayesian Interpolation , 1992, Neural Computation.

[289]  Philip E. Wannamaker,et al.  Tensor CSAMT survey over the Sulphur Springs thermal area, Valles Caldera, New Mexico, U.S.A., Part II: Implications for CSAMT methodology , 1997 .

[290]  Dhananjay Ravat,et al.  Magnetic properties of unrusted steel drums from laboratory and field-magnetic measurements , 1996 .

[291]  P. Styles,et al.  The application of Time-Lapse Microgravity for the Investigation and Monitoring of Subsidence at Northwich, Cheshire , 2003, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology.

[292]  Bingzhu Wang,et al.  2D and 3D potential‐field upward continuation using splines , 2006 .

[293]  Sami G. Tantawi,et al.  Measurements of the suitability of large rock salt formations for radio detection of high-energy neutrinos , 2001, hep-ex/0108027.

[294]  D. Budker,et al.  Optical magnetometry - eScholarship , 2006, physics/0611246.

[295]  Gerald Kaiser,et al.  A Friendly Guide to Wavelets , 1994 .

[296]  G. R. Olhoeft,et al.  Low-frequency electrical properties. , 1985 .

[297]  W. Daily,et al.  Cross-borehole resistivity tomography , 1991 .

[298]  William Rodi,et al.  Induced-polarization detection and mapping of contaminant plumes , 2006 .

[299]  John H. Bradford,et al.  The emergence and future of near-surface geophysics , 2012 .

[300]  R. Blakely.  Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications , 1996 .

[301]  J. Sherwood,et al.  The Wave Equation Applied to Migration , 1976 .

[302]  Romain Brossier,et al.  Shallow-structure characterization by 2D elastic full-waveform inversion , 2011 .

[303]  J. D. Mcneill.  Use of Electromagnetic Methods for Groundwater Studies , 1990 .

[304]  D. Huntley,et al.  Relations Between Permeability and Electrical Resistivity in Granular Aquifers , 1986 .

[305]  Stanley H. Ward,et al.  Mineral discrimination and removal of inductive coupling with multifrequency IP , 1978 .

[306]  Clifford H. Thurber,et al.  Parameter estimation and inverse problems , 2005 .

[307]  Murlan S. Corrington,et al.  Amplitude and Phase Measurements on Loudspeaker Cones , 1951, Proceedings of the IRE.

[308]  Richard D. Miller,et al.  Multichannel analysis of surface waves , 1999 .

[309]  Mohamed Metwaly,et al.  Detection of metallic and plastic landmines using the GPR and 2-D resistivity techniques , 2007 .

[310]  M. H. Waxman,et al.  Electrical Conductivities in Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands , 1968 .

[311]  R. N. Edwards,et al.  The detection of lateral anisotropy of the ocean floor by electromagnetic methods , 1992 .

[312]  B. Mandelbrot,et al.  Fractional Brownian Motions, Fractional Noises and Applications , 1968 .

[313]  R. Parker.  Geophysical Inverse Theory , 1994 .

[314]  Mark E. Everett,et al.  3D polarimetric GPR coherency attributes and full-waveform inversion of transmission data for characterizing fractured rock , 2009 .

[315]  Stephen J. Wright,et al.  Numerical Optimization , 2018, Fundamental Statistical Inference.

[316]  F. R. Hama,et al.  Localized‐Induction Concept on a Curved Vortex and Motion of an Elliptic Vortex Ring , 1965 .

[317]  M. Dekkers,et al.  Environmental magnetism: an introduction , 1997 .

[318]  Amos Nur,et al.  Elastic‐wave velocities in sandstones with non‐load‐bearing clay , 1999 .

[319]  Robert A. Langel,et al.  A geomagnetic field spectrum , 1982 .

[320]  S. Chib,et al.  Understanding the Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm , 1995 .

[321]  David C. Nobes,et al.  Troubled waters: Environmental applications of electrical and electromagnetic methods , 1996 .

[322]  Alan G. Green,et al.  Experimental design: Electrical resistivity data sets that provide optimum subsurface information , 2004 .

[323]  Heikki Soininen,et al.  Detecting organic chemical contaminants by spectral‐induced polarization method in glacial till environment , 1992 .

[324]  John H. Bradford,et al.  Ground-penetrating radar theory and application of thin-bed offset-dependent reflectivity , 2006 .

[325]  Philip E. Gill,et al.  Practical optimization , 1981 .

[326]  Niels B. Christensen,et al.  Analysis and application of a non‐conventional underwater geoelectrical method in Lake Geneva, Switzerland , 1998 .

[327]  Glenn Shafer,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Evidence , 2020, A Mathematical Theory of Evidence.

[328]  L. Pellerin.  Applications Of Electrical And Electromagnetic Methods For Environmental And Geotechnical Investigations , 2002 .

[329]  Huajian Yao,et al.  Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis - II. Crustal and upper-mantle structure , 2008 .

[330]  A. R. Gregory,et al.  An experimental investigation of factors affecting elastic wave velocities in porous media , 1958 .

[331]  Svenja Knappe,et al.  Chip-scale atomic magnetometer , 2004 .

[332]  Matthias Holschneider,et al.  Identification of sources of potential fields with the continuous wavelet transform: Basic theory , 1999 .

[333]  Timothy H. Larson,et al.  Integration of P- and SH-wave high-resolution seismic reflection and micro-gravity techniques to improve interpretation of shallow subsurface structure: New Madrid seismic zone , 2006 .

[334]  David P. Lesmes,et al.  Dielectric spectroscopy of sedimentary rocks , 2001 .

[335]  H J Motulsky,et al.  Fitting curves to data using nonlinear regression: a practical and nonmathematical review , 1987, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[336]  N. Cassidy.  Chapter 5 – Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing, Modelling and Analysis , 2009 .

[337]  E. Brigham,et al.  The fast Fourier transform and its applications , 1988 .

[338]  H. Frank Morrison,et al.  ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ABOUT A LOOP SOURCE OF CURRENT , 1970 .

[339]  Jeffrey G. Paine,et al.  Determining salinization extent, identifying salinity sources, and estimating chloride mass using surface, borehole, and airborne electromagnetic induction methods , 2003 .

[340]  Martyn J. Unsworth,et al.  CSAMT exploration at Sellafield: Characterization of a potential radioactive waste disposal site , 2000 .

[341]  J. Chambers,et al.  Three-dimensional geophysical anatomy of an active landslide in Lias Group mudrocks, Cleveland Basin, UK , 2011 .

[342]  Erin Margaret Gorman.  Controlled-source electromagnetic mapping of a faulted sandstone aquifer in central Texas , 1998 .

[343]  F. H. Goutbeek,et al.  Seismic hazard due to small-magnitude, shallow-source, induced earthquakes in The Netherlands , 2006 .

[344]  Jan van der Kruk,et al.  Identifying dispersive GPR signals and inverting for surface wave-guide properties , 2009 .

[345]  Robert Langridge,et al.  Detailed images of the shallow Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand, determined from narrow-azimuth 3D seismic reflection data , 2011 .

[346]  J. Etgen,et al.  An overview of depth imaging in exploration geophysics , 2009 .

[347]  Fabrice Hollender,et al.  Modeling ground‐penetrating radar wave propagation and reflection with the Jonscher parameterization , 1998 .

[348]  Paul F. Worthington,et al.  The uses and abuses of the Archie equations, 1: The formation factor-porosity relationship , 1993 .

[349]  A. J. Berkhout,et al.  LEAST‐SQUARES INVERSE FILTERING AND WAVELET DECONVOLUTION , 1977 .

[350]  Brian Baptie,et al.  Seismic interferometry and ambient noise tomography in the British Isles , 2012 .

[351]  C. Dias,et al.  Developments In A Model To Describe Low-Frequency Electrical Polarization Of Rocks - (Iii): Applications , 1999 .

[352]  Yi Huang,et al.  Radar frequency dielectric dispersion in sandstone: Implications for determination of moisture and clay content , 2003 .

[353]  Andrew Binley,et al.  Near-Surface Geophysics:A New Focus Group , 2006 .

[354]  P. Segall,et al.  Poroelastic stressing and induced seismicity near the Lacq gas field, southwestern France , 1994 .