Maladaptive immune and inflammatory pathways lead to cardiovascular insulin resistance.

[1]  U. Laufs,et al.  Effects of DPP-4 inhibition on cardiac metabolism and function in mice. , 2011, Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.

[2]  M. McCarthy,et al.  The Genetic and Epigenetic Basis of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity , 2012, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[3]  L. Joosten,et al.  The inflammasome puts obesity in the danger zone. , 2012, Cell metabolism.

[4]  R. Orlando,et al.  The genetics of childhood obesity and interaction with dietary macronutrients , 2013, Genes & Nutrition.

[5]  D. Harrison,et al.  Interleukin 17 Promotes Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction , 2010, Hypertension.

[6]  D. O’Regan,et al.  Body Fat Is Associated With Reduced Aortic Stiffness Until Middle Age , 2013, Hypertension.

[7]  Y. Terauchi,et al.  Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Liver Steatosis Are Prevented by DPP-4 Inhibition in Diabetic Mice , 2011, Diabetes.

[8]  J. Bloodworth Diabetes mellitus and vascular disease. , 1973, Postgraduate medicine.

[9]  J. van de Voorde,et al.  Adipose Tissue as Regulator of Vascular Tone , 2012, Current Hypertension Reports.

[10]  R. Witteles,et al.  Insulin-resistant cardiomyopathy clinical evidence, mechanisms, and treatment options. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[11]  R. Sacco,et al.  Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflection: Sex Differences and Relationship With Left Ventricular Diastolic Function , 2012, Hypertension.

[12]  François M Abboud,et al.  Autonomic Neural Regulation of the Immune System: Implications for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease , 2012, Hypertension.

[13]  J. Sowers,et al.  Loss of Estrogen Receptor α Signaling Leads to Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Young and Adult Female Mice , 2012, Cardiorenal Medicine.

[14]  V. Somers,et al.  Effects of Renal Sympathetic Denervation on Blood Pressure, Sleep Apnea Course, and Glycemic Control in Patients With Resistant Hypertension and Sleep Apnea , 2011, Hypertension.

[15]  K. Stanhope Role of fructose-containing sugars in the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome. , 2012, Annual review of medicine.

[16]  R. Schwendener,et al.  Macrophages modulate cardiac function in lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. , 2012, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[17]  熊谷 英太 Plasma aldosterone levels and development of insulin resistance : prospective study in a general population , 2012 .

[18]  C. Apovian,et al.  Elevated Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by a Skewed T Cell Compartment Requires Monocytes and Promotes Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes , 2011, The Journal of Immunology.

[19]  S. Shoelson,et al.  Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Roles of Inflammation – Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets , 2012, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[20]  R. Webb,et al.  The influence of perivascular adipose tissue on vascular homeostasis , 2013, Vascular health and risk management.

[21]  J. Sowers,et al.  Activation of mTOR/p70S6 kinase by ANG II inhibits insulin-stimulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vasodilation. , 2012, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[22]  J. Sowers,et al.  The Role of Overweight and Obesity in the Cardiorenal Syndrome , 2011, Cardiorenal Medicine.

[23]  G. Fantuzzi,et al.  New pathways to control inflammatory responses in adipose tissue. , 2013, Current opinion in pharmacology.

[24]  W. Abhayaratna,et al.  Influence of Adiposity and Physical Activity on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Children: The Lifestyle of Our Kids Study , 2009, Hypertension.

[25]  J. Sowers,et al.  Indices of obesity and cardiometabolic risk. , 2011, Hypertension.

[26]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Plasma Aldosterone Levels and Development of Insulin Resistance: Prospective Study in a General Population , 2011, Hypertension.

[27]  Lin Qiu,et al.  Phenotypic and functional switch of macrophages induced by regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells in mice , 2011, Immunology and cell biology.

[28]  K. E. Jones,et al.  Nutrient Stress Activates Inflammation and Reduces Glucose Metabolism by Suppressing AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in the Heart , 2009, Diabetes.

[29]  N. Kalupahana,et al.  Immunity as a link between obesity and insulin resistance. , 2012, Molecular aspects of medicine.

[30]  J. Higaki,et al.  Roles of Interleukin 17 in Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor–Mediated Insulin Resistance , 2012, Hypertension.

[31]  C. Ross,et al.  Central angiotensin II-enhanced splenic cytokine gene expression is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[32]  G. Cline,et al.  Differential effects of interleukin-6 and -10 on skeletal muscle and liver insulin action in vivo. , 2004, Diabetes.

[33]  J. Sowers,et al.  Mineralocorticoid Receptor–Mediated Vascular Insulin Resistance , 2013, Diabetes.

[34]  S. Rajagopalan,et al.  Long-Term Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibition Reduces Atherosclerosis and Inflammation via Effects on Monocyte Recruitment and Chemotaxis , 2011, Circulation.

[35]  E. Schiffrin,et al.  Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, and Anti-Inflammatory Lymphocytes: Interplay and Therapeutic Opportunities , 2012, International journal of hypertension.

[36]  B. Rothermel,et al.  Unraveling the temporal pattern of diet-induced insulin resistance in individual organs and cardiac dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice. , 2005, Diabetes.

[37]  J. Sowers,et al.  Aldosterone and Risk for Insulin Resistance. , 2011, Hypertension.

[38]  Melinda Fitzgerald,et al.  Immunol. Cell Biol. , 1995 .

[39]  V. V. van Hinsbergh,et al.  Paracrine regulation of vascular tone, inflammation and insulin sensitivity by perivascular adipose tissue. , 2012, Vascular pharmacology.

[40]  B. Howard,et al.  Sex differences in obesity-related changes in left ventricular morphology: the Strong Heart Study , 2011, Journal of hypertension.

[41]  T. Berl,et al.  An initial reduction in serum uric acid during angiotensin receptor blocker treatment is associated with cardiovascular protection: a post-hoc analysis of the RENAAL and IDNT trials , 2012, Journal of hypertension.

[42]  M. Yeh,et al.  Increased Aortic Stiffness and Attenuated Lysyl Oxidase Activity in Obesity , 2013, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[43]  H. Krum,et al.  Sympatho-renal axis in chronic disease , 2011, Clinical Research in Cardiology.

[44]  Eduardo Nava,et al.  Hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome: Vascular Pathophysiology , 2013, International journal of hypertension.

[45]  P. Puddu,et al.  Relationships among hyperuricemia, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. , 2012, Journal of cardiology.

[46]  J. Sowers,et al.  Relation between Childhood Obesity and Adult Cardiovascular Risk , 2009, International journal of pediatric endocrinology.

[47]  K. Siminovitch,et al.  Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling selectively regulates murine lymphocyte proliferation and maintenance of peripheral regulatory T cells , 2010, Diabetologia.

[48]  R. Friedline,et al.  Interleukin-10 Prevents Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance by Attenuating Macrophage and Cytokine Response in Skeletal Muscle , 2009, Diabetes.

[49]  E. Barrett-Connor,et al.  Women and heart disease: the role of diabetes and hyperglycemia. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[50]  V. Demarco,et al.  Obesity-related alterations in cardiac lipid profile and nondipping blood pressure pattern during transition to diastolic dysfunction in male db/db mice. , 2013, Endocrinology.

[51]  K. Fitzgerald,et al.  Regulation of inflammasome signaling , 2012, Nature Immunology.

[52]  E. Paschetta,et al.  Probiotics, prebiotics, energy balance, and obesity: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. , 2012, Gastroenterology Clinics of North America.

[53]  P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli,et al.  Uric Acid-Driven Th17 Differentiation Requires Inflammasome-Derived IL-1 and IL-18 , 2011, The Journal of Immunology.

[54]  E. Schiffrin,et al.  T Regulatory Lymphocytes Prevent Aldosterone-Induced Vascular Injury , 2012, Hypertension.

[55]  E. Schiffrin The immune system: role in hypertension. , 2013, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[56]  Hyung-Suk Kim,et al.  Endogenous aldosterone contributes to acute angiotensin II-stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and preproendothelin-1 expression in heart but not aorta. , 2009, Endocrinology.

[57]  T. Miura,et al.  Effects of Parental Hypertension on Longitudinal Trends in Blood Pressure and Plasma Metabolic Profile: Mixed-Effects Model Analysis , 2012, Hypertension.

[58]  D. Harrison,et al.  Vascular Inflammatory Cells in Hypertension , 2012, Front. Physio..

[59]  R. Charnigo,et al.  Adipocyte Deficiency of Angiotensinogen Prevents Obesity-Induced Hypertension in Male Mice , 2012, Hypertension.

[60]  V. Demarco,et al.  Overweight female rats selectively breed for low aerobic capacity exhibit increased myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. , 2012, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[61]  K. Brown,et al.  Diet-Induced Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Effects on Immunity and Disease , 2012, Nutrients.

[62]  G. Hu,et al.  Increase in DPP-IV in the intestine, liver and kidney of the rat treated with high fat diet and streptozotocin. , 2007, Life sciences.

[63]  E. D. du Toit,et al.  Dietary-Induced Obesity Hastens the Progression From Concentric Cardiac Hypertrophy to Pump Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats , 2009, Hypertension.

[64]  T. Hosoya,et al.  Effects of combined antihypertensive therapy with losartan/hydrochlorothiazide on uric acid metabolism. , 2012, Internal medicine.

[65]  D. Clegg,et al.  Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes: sex differences and role of oestrogen receptors , 2011, Acta physiologica.

[66]  Ling Qi,et al.  Mechanisms of inflammatory responses in obese adipose tissue. , 2012, Annual review of nutrition.

[67]  M. Trebak,et al.  Interleukin-10 Released by CD4+CD25+ Natural Regulatory T Cells Improves Microvascular Endothelial Function Through Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Hypertensive Mice , 2011, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[68]  Liping Zhao,et al.  The gut microbiota, obesity and insulin resistance. , 2013, Molecular aspects of medicine.

[69]  V. Z. Rocha,et al.  Inflammatory Concepts of Obesity , 2011, International journal of inflammation.

[70]  V. J. Dias da Silva,et al.  The interplay between the autonomic and immune systems , 2012, Experimental physiology.

[71]  Christophe Benoist,et al.  Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters , 2009, Nature Medicine.

[72]  U. Kintscher,et al.  Metabolic impact of estrogen signalling through ERalpha and ERbeta , 2010, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[73]  J. Sowers,et al.  Oxidative Stress in the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome , 2012, Current Hypertension Reports.

[74]  F. Luft,et al.  Immune mechanisms in angiotensin II-induced target-organ damage , 2012, Annals of medicine.

[75]  R. M. Lee,et al.  Superoxide anion mediates angiotensin II-induced potentiation of contractile response to sympathetic stimulation. , 2008, European journal of pharmacology.

[76]  A. McCullough Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome in the USA , 2011, Journal of digestive diseases.

[77]  J. Olefsky,et al.  The Origins and Drivers of Insulin Resistance , 2013, Cell.

[78]  T. Marwick,et al.  Obesity cardiomyopathy: pathogenesis and pathophysiology , 2007, Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine.

[79]  T. Momose,et al.  Myocardial glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients evaluated by FDG-PET. , 1995, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[80]  G. Remuzzi,et al.  Angiotensin II revisited: new roles in inflammation, immunology and aging , 2010, EMBO molecular medicine.

[81]  C. Abbott,et al.  Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, an emerging drug class for inflammatory disease? , 2009, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[82]  H. Krum,et al.  Effect of Renal Sympathetic Denervation on Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Resistant Hypertension: A Pilot Study , 2011, Circulation.

[83]  C. Weyand,et al.  Induction of hypertension and peripheral inflammation by deletion of extracellular superoxide dismutase in the central nervous system , 2010, Hypertension.

[84]  S. H. Kim,et al.  CD26/DPP4 levels in peripheral blood and T cells in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2013, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[85]  W. Patsch,et al.  Potential Role of Regulatory T Cells in Reversing Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance and Diabetic Nephropathy , 2011, Diabetes.

[86]  A. Nishiyama,et al.  Angiotensin receptor blockade increases pancreatic insulin secretion and decreases glucose intolerance during glucose supplementation in a model of metabolic syndrome. , 2012, Endocrinology.

[87]  M. Febbraio,et al.  Myeloid-specific estrogen receptor α deficiency impairs metabolic homeostasis and accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[88]  V. Demarco,et al.  Dipeptidylpeptidase inhibition is associated with improvement in blood pressure and diastolic function in insulin-resistant male Zucker obese rats. , 2013, Endocrinology.

[89]  J. Sowers,et al.  Insulin resistance and heart failure: molecular mechanisms. , 2012, Heart failure clinics.

[90]  G. Reaven Insulin resistance: the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. , 2011, The Medical clinics of North America.

[91]  E. Abel,et al.  Insulin resistance: metabolic mechanisms and consequences in the heart. , 2012, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[92]  D. Panagiotakos,et al.  Exercise Capacity and Progression From Prehypertension to Hypertension , 2012, Hypertension.

[93]  J. Murabito,et al.  Relations of Serum Aldosterone to Cardiac Structure: Gender-Related Differences in the Framingham Heart Study , 2004, Hypertension.

[94]  C. Delcayre,et al.  Aldosterone Mediates Cardiac Fibrosis in the Setting of Hypertension , 2013, Current Hypertension Reports.

[95]  F. Dazzi,et al.  Mesenchymal stromal cells and regulatory T cells: the Yin and Yang of peripheral tolerance? , 2013, Immunology and cell biology.

[96]  R. Gropler,et al.  Alterations in left ventricular structure and function in young healthy obese women: assessment by echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[97]  Jason K. Kim,et al.  New insights into insulin resistance in the diabetic heart , 2011, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.

[98]  Wei Xu,et al.  Differential Macrophage Polarization in Male and Female BALB/c Mice Infected With Coxsackievirus B3 Defines Susceptibility to Viral Myocarditis , 2009, Circulation research.