Soft X-ray microscopes and their biological applications

In this review we propose to address the question: for the life-science researcher, what does X-ray microscopy have to offer that is not otherwise easily available? We will see that the answer depends on a combination of resolution, penetrating power, analytical sensitivity, compatibility with wet specimens, and the ease of image interpretation.

[1]  S. Kikuta,et al.  X-Ray Hologram Obtained by Using Synchrotron Radiation , 1972 .

[2]  W. Meyer-Ilse,et al.  Partially coherent image formation with x-ray microscopes. , 1995, Applied optics.

[3]  M. F. Smith,et al.  Quantitative energy-filtered electron microscopy of biological molecules in ice. , 1992, Ultramicroscopy.

[4]  Margaritondo,et al.  Photoemission spectromicroscopy of neurons. , 1993, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[5]  D. Sayre Diffraction-Imaging Possibilities with Soft X-rays , 1987 .

[6]  K. Shinohara,et al.  Radiation damage in soft X‐ray microscopy of live mammalian cells , 1991, Journal of microscopy.

[7]  David G. Vass,et al.  Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) , 1997 .

[8]  P. Cheng,et al.  Recent Advances in Contact Imaging of Biological Materials , 1987 .

[9]  J. Kirz,et al.  Specimen replication for electron microscopy using x rays and x‐ray resist , 1976 .

[10]  E. H. Anderson,et al.  Nanofabrication of Zone Plates for X-Ray Microscopy , 1992 .

[11]  A. Baez,et al.  Fresnel Zone Plate for Optical Image Formation Using Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X Radiation , 1961 .

[12]  M. Ando,et al.  Soft x‐ray microscope at the undulator beamline of the Photon Factory , 1989 .

[13]  A. K. Head,et al.  The Two-Mirror Aplanat , 1957 .

[14]  C. Jacobsen Making Soft X-Ray Microscopy Harder: Considerations for Sub-0.1 µm Resolution Imaging at ~ 4 Å Wavelengths , 1992 .

[15]  Jörg Maser,et al.  Coupled wave description of the diffraction by zone plates with high aspect ratios , 1992 .

[16]  I. A. Artyukov,et al.  Soft X-ray submicron imaging experiments with nanosecond exposure , 1993 .

[17]  A. G. Michette,et al.  The effects of manufacturing inaccuracies on the imaging properties of Fresnel zone plates , 1983 .

[18]  T. W. Ford,et al.  A comparison of soft X‐ray contact microscopy with light and electron microscopy for the study of algal cell ultrastructure , 1988 .

[19]  F. Polack,et al.  X-Ray Microscopy by Holography at LURE , 1988 .

[20]  David T. Attwood,et al.  Techniques and Applications of X-ray Microscopy , 1994 .

[21]  P. Cheng,et al.  X-ray Microscopy , 1987, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[22]  Raul E. Acosta,et al.  Electron Beam Fabrication And Characterization Of Fresnel Zone Plates For Soft X-Ray Microscopy , 1984, Other Conferences.

[23]  M. T. Browne Aspects of Nanopositioning in Stage Design for Scanning X-Ray Microscopes , 1992 .

[24]  A. Moewes,et al.  A scanning soft x-ray microscope with an ellipsoidal focusing mirror. , 1992, Journal of X-ray science and technology.

[25]  Denis Joyeux,et al.  Principle Of A "Reconstruction Microscope" For High Resolution X-Ray Holography , 1989, Other Conferences.

[26]  Colin J. Humphreys,et al.  High voltage electron microscopy : proceedings of the third International Conference , 1974 .

[27]  Keane,et al.  Amplification of stimulated soft x-ray emission in a confined plasma column. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[28]  J. Kirz,et al.  Soft x‐ray microscopes , 1985 .

[29]  P. Horowitz,et al.  A Scanning X-Ray Microscope Using Synchrotron Radiation , 1972, Science.

[30]  O. E. Myers Studies of Transmission Zone Plates , 1951 .

[31]  J. Rodenburg,et al.  The theory of super-resolution electron microscopy via Wigner-distribution deconvolution , 1992, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[32]  W. Hunter,et al.  Normal-incidence reflectance of W/B(4) C multilayer mirrors in the 34-50-A wavelength region. , 1993, Applied optics.

[33]  Graeme Morrison Some Aspects Of Quantitative X-Ray Microscopy , 1989, Other Conferences.

[34]  H. Ade Nexafs microscopy of polymeric samples , 1994 .

[35]  Note on “Superlarge” Structures and Their Phase Problem , 1991 .

[36]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  X-ray holographic microscopy using photoresists , 1990, Annual Meeting Optical Society of America.

[37]  G. D. Rieck,et al.  International tables for X-ray crystallography , 1962 .

[38]  G. Schmahl,et al.  Small-spot XPS with a zone plate monochromator for synchrotron radiation , 1992 .

[39]  Denice D. Denton,et al.  Hard x‐ray phase zone plate fabricated by lithographic techniques , 1992 .

[40]  Ping-chin Cheng,et al.  X-Ray Microscopy: Instrumentation and Biological Applications , 1987 .

[41]  A. Rosenbluth,et al.  Reflecting Properties of X-Ray Multilayer Devices. , 1983 .

[42]  K. Goncz A Comprehensive Study of the Physical Properties of Isolated Zymogen Granules Using Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy , 1994 .

[43]  K. Goncz,et al.  Protein flux across the membrane of single secretion granules. , 1992, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[44]  B. Niemann X-Ray Microscopy with the Göttingen Scanning X-Ray Microscope at 2.4 nm , 1992 .

[45]  J. Pine,et al.  Live Cell Specimens for X-Ray Microscopy , 1992 .

[46]  Alan G. Michette,et al.  Optical Systems for Soft X Rays , 2011, Springer US.

[47]  T. Lin,et al.  X-Ray Shadow Projection Microscopy and Microtomography , 1992 .

[48]  B. L. Henke,et al.  X-Ray Interactions: Photoabsorption, Scattering, Transmission, and Reflection at E = 50-30,000 eV, Z = 1-92 , 1993 .

[49]  K. Yada,et al.  The Recent Development of Projection X-Ray Microscopy for Biological Applications , 1992 .

[50]  A J Devaney,et al.  Reconstructive tomography with diffracting wavefields , 1986 .

[51]  R Feder,et al.  Potential operating region for ultrasoft x-ray microscopy of biological materials. , 1977, Science.

[52]  T. Taraschi,et al.  There is no ducking the duct. , 1994, Parasitology today.

[53]  K. Murakami,et al.  Normal-Incidence X-Ray Microscope for Carbon Kα Radiation with 0.5 µm Resolution , 1992 .

[54]  Ge Wang,et al.  A Multiple Cone-Beam Reconstruction Algorithm for X-Ray Microtomography , 1992 .

[55]  V. Cosslett,et al.  X-Ray Shadow Microscope , 1951, Nature.

[56]  E. A. Ash,et al.  Scanned image microscopy , 1980 .

[57]  M. J. Berger,et al.  Tables of energy losses and ranges of electrons and positrons , 1964 .

[58]  B. Niemann,et al.  Amplitude- and Phase-Contrast X-Ray Microscopy , 1988, Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Applications.

[59]  S. Newberry The Shadow Projection Type of X-ray Microscope , 1987 .

[60]  R. Glaeser,et al.  Radiation damage relative to transmission electron microscopy of biological specimens at low temperature: a review , 1978, Journal of microscopy.

[61]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Observation of human chromosome fibers in a water layer by laser-plasma x-ray contact microscopy , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[62]  J. Kirz,et al.  Soft X-Ray Absorption Imaging of Whole Wet Tissue Culture Cells , 1992 .

[63]  H. Wolter Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken für Röntgenstrahlen , 1952 .

[64]  Y. Iketaki,et al.  A compact Schwarzschild soft X‐ray microscope with a laser‐produced plasma source , 1993 .

[65]  I. Lindau,et al.  The Constant-thickness Zone Plate as a Variational Solution , 1984 .

[66]  Azalia A. Krasnoperova,et al.  High-performance multilevel blazed x-ray microscopy Fresnel zone plates: Fabricated using x-ray lithography , 1994 .

[67]  A. R. Hare,et al.  Near-field Soft X-ray Diffraction Modelled by the Multislice Method , 1994 .

[68]  J. Kirz,et al.  Mapping DNA and protein in biological samples using the scanning transmission x-ray microscope , 1994 .

[69]  J. Kirz,et al.  Observation of the soft X‐ray diffraction pattern of a single diatom , 1987 .

[70]  Henry I. Smith,et al.  High-resolution pattern replication using soft X rays , 1972 .

[71]  Cheng Wang,et al.  Design and analysis of a fast two-mirror soft x-ray microscope , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[72]  H. Rarback,et al.  Absorption microanalysis with a scanning soft X‐ray microscope: mapping the distribution of calcium in bone , 1985, Journal of microscopy.

[73]  C. Larabell,et al.  Development of fluorescent probes for x-ray microscopy , 1994 .

[74]  A. Engström,et al.  X-Ray Microscopy , 1961, Nature.

[75]  M. Fink,et al.  Imaging Processes and Coherence in Physics , 1980 .

[76]  R. Burge,et al.  The Potential of Laser Plasma Sources in Scanning X-Ray Microscopy , 1988 .

[77]  Mark L. Schattenburg,et al.  Electromagnetic calculation of soft x‐ray diffraction from 0.1‐μm scale gold structures , 1991 .

[78]  T. E. Allibone,et al.  Advances in Electronics , 1949, Nature.

[79]  Anthony D. Stead,et al.  Effects of soft x-ray irradiation on cell ultrastructure , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[80]  青木 貞雄,et al.  X-ray microscopy in biology and medicine , 1990 .

[81]  Graeme Morrison,et al.  Phase contrast and darkfield imaging in x-ray microscopy , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[82]  D. Goodhead,et al.  Radiobiology of ultrasoft X rays. I. Cultured hamster cells (V79). , 1987, Radiation research.

[83]  H. Chapman,et al.  Imaging of 30 nm gold spheres by dark-field scanning transmission x-ray microscopy , 1994 .

[84]  R. Browning,et al.  Core level photoelectron microscopy with synchrotron radiation (invited) , 1989 .

[85]  Gerd Schneider,et al.  X-ray microscopy studies with the Goettingen x-ray microscopes , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[86]  C. Buckley THE MEASURING AND MAPPING OF CALCIUM IN MINERALIZED TISSUES BY ABSORPTION DIFFERENCE IMAGING , 1995 .

[87]  J Kirz,et al.  Chemical contrast in X-ray microscopy and spatially resolved XANES spectroscopy of organic specimens. , 1992, Science.

[88]  High-Performance Mo/Si and W/B4C Multilayer Mirrors for Soft X-Ray Imaging Optics. , 1994 .

[89]  Eberhard Spiller,et al.  Soft-x-ray optics , 1994, Optical Society of America Annual Meeting.

[90]  Graeme Morrison,et al.  Recent Progress with the King’s College Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscope , 1992 .

[91]  H. Queisser X-Ray Optics , 1977 .

[92]  Richard A. London,et al.  Role of x-ray-induced damage in biological micro-imaging , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[93]  H. Lipson,et al.  Fourier transforms and X-ray diffraction , 1958 .

[94]  D. Shinozaki High Resolution Image Storage in Polymers , 1988 .

[95]  G. Cody,et al.  C-NEXAFS Microanalysis and Scanning X-ray Microscopy of Microheterogeneities in a High-Volatile A Bituminous Coal , 1995 .

[96]  O. W. Richards,et al.  X-ray microscopy in clinical and experimental medicine, , 1972 .

[97]  S. Downes,et al.  Mapping the density and mineral phase of calcium in bone at the interface with biomaterials using scanning x-ray microscopy , 1994 .

[98]  F. Wuilleumier,et al.  Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics , 1993 .

[99]  A. Heuberger X‐ray lithography , 1985 .

[100]  J. Kortright,et al.  High‐resolution x‐ray microscopy using an undulator source, photoelectron studies with MAXIMUM , 1991 .

[101]  J. Kirz,et al.  High-Resolution Imaging by Fourier Transform X-ray Holography , 1992, Science.

[102]  R. Rosser High Resolution Soft X-ray Optics , 1983 .

[103]  Xiaodong Zhang,et al.  Experiments in scanning luminescence x-ray microscopy , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[104]  Mark L. Schattenburg,et al.  X‐ray phase lens design and fabrication , 1983 .

[105]  B. Niemann,et al.  APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES AS OPTICAL ELEMENTS - X-RAY MICROSCOPY , 1977 .

[106]  T. Lin,et al.  Statistical Noise in Soft X-Ray Images Stored in PMMA Resist , 1992 .

[107]  T Kanayama,et al.  Three-dimensional readout of flash x-ray images of living sperm in water by atomic-force microscopy. , 1991, Science.

[108]  M. Krause,et al.  Atomic radiative and radiationless yields for K and L shells , 1979 .

[109]  Sadao Aoki,et al.  X-Ray Holographic Microscopy , 1974 .

[110]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  X-ray microscopy and holography with third-generation sources , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[111]  K Yada,et al.  Target materials suitable for projection X-ray microscope observation of biological samples. , 1989, Journal of electron microscopy.

[112]  P. Charalambous,et al.  The Status of Zone Plate Fabrication at King’s College London , 1992 .

[113]  D. Ciarlo,et al.  An environmental sample chamber for X‐ray microscopy , 1992 .

[114]  Shirley Dex,et al.  JR 旅客販売総合システム(マルス)における運用及び管理について , 1991 .

[115]  Britton Chance,et al.  Synchrotron radiation in the biosciences , 2005 .

[116]  J. Walkup,et al.  Statistical optics , 1986, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[117]  Henry N. Chapman,et al.  Applications of a CCD detector in scanning transmission x‐ray microscope , 1995 .

[118]  J. Dubochet,et al.  Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens , 1988, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[119]  S. Newberry History of X-ray Microscopy , 1987 .

[120]  G. Harp,et al.  Photoelectron microscopy with synchrotron radiation , 1988 .

[121]  M. Hayes The reconstruction of a multidimensional sequence from the phase or magnitude of its Fourier transform , 1982 .

[122]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  Development of a linear scanning-force microscope for x-ray Gabor hologram readout , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[123]  R. Hegerl,et al.  Influence of Electron Noise on Three-dimensional Image Reconstruction , 1976 .

[124]  D. Bilderback,et al.  Nanometer spatial resolution achieved in hard x-ray imaging and Laue diffraction experiments. , 1994, Science.

[125]  J. Kirz,et al.  On the Possibility of Imaging Microstructures by Soft X-Ray Diffraction Pattern Analysis , 1984 .

[126]  P. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Formation of optical images by X-rays. , 1948, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[127]  J. Goodman Introduction to Fourier optics , 1969 .

[128]  Franco Cerrina,et al.  New results from MAXIMUM: an x-ray scanning photoemission microscope , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[129]  P. Horowitz SOME EXPERIENCES WITH X‐RAY AND PROTON MICROSCOPES * , 1978 .

[130]  A. Einstein On the Quantum Theory of Radiation , 1983 .

[131]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  Scanning luminescence X‐ray microscopy: Imaging fluorescence dyes at suboptical resolution , 1993, Optical Society of America Annual Meeting.

[132]  R. Schröder,et al.  Zero-loss energy filtering as improved imaging mode in cryoelectronmicroscopy of frozen-hydrated specimens☆ , 1990 .

[133]  A. Skrinsky,et al.  Use of radiation of electron storage rings in x-ray holography of objects , 1977 .

[134]  A. Michette,et al.  X-ray microscopy , 1988 .

[135]  J E Trebes,et al.  X-ray laser microscopy of rat sperm nuclei. , 1992, Science.

[136]  Paul R. Selvin,et al.  Soft X-ray Stimulated High Resolution Luminescence Microscopy , 1994 .

[137]  D Sayre,et al.  Coherent Radiation for X-Ray Imaging-The Soft X-Ray Undulator and the X1A Beamline at the NSLS. , 1990, Journal of X-ray science and technology.

[138]  V. Cosslett X-Ray Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis , 1959, Nature.

[139]  K. Shinohara,et al.  Fine structure of unstained human chromosome fibres dried with no fixative as observed by X‐ray contact microscopy , 1990, Journal of microscopy.

[140]  Erik H. Anderson,et al.  X-ray spectromicroscopy with a zone plate generated microprobe , 1990 .

[141]  J. Solem,et al.  Microholography of Living Organisms , 1982, Science.

[142]  Toshihisa Tomie,et al.  Flash contact x-ray microscopy of biological specimen in water , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[143]  B. M. Siegel,et al.  Physical aspects of electron microscopy and microbeam analysis , 1975 .

[144]  Hans M. Hertz,et al.  Droplet target for low-debris laser-plasma soft X-ray generation , 1993 .

[145]  H. Bethe,et al.  Theory of Atomic Collisions , 1951, Nature.

[146]  J. Kirz X‐ray microscopy , 1991 .

[147]  D. Tennant,et al.  Construction and test of phase zone plates for x-ray microscopy. , 1991, Optics letters.

[148]  J. Gilbert Soft x-ray microimaging of whole wet cells , 1992 .

[149]  R. Haelbich,et al.  A SCANNING ULTRASOFT X‐RAY MICROSCOPE WITH LARGE APERTURE REFLECTION OPTICS FOR USE WITH SYNCHROTRON RADIATION , 1980 .

[150]  M. Lamvik Radiation damage in dry and frozen hydrated organic material , 1991 .

[151]  Ming Wang,et al.  Scanning x-ray microscope project at Hefei , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[152]  J. H. Hubbell,et al.  Pair, Triplet, and Total Atomic Cross Sections (and Mass Attenuation Coefficients) for 1 MeV-100 GeV Photons in Elements Z=1 to 100, , 1980 .

[153]  G. R. Harp,et al.  Element-Specific Magnetic Microscopy with Circularly Polarized X-rays , 1993, Science.

[154]  K. Goncz,et al.  A trans-membrane pore can account for protein movement across zymogen granule membranes. , 1995, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[155]  M. Hayat,et al.  Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Applications , 1975 .

[156]  J E Trebes,et al.  Ultrahigh-Resolution X-ray Tomography , 1994, Science.

[157]  G. Schmahl,et al.  Proposal for a Phase Contrast X-ray Microscope , 1987 .

[158]  Dennis L. Matthews,et al.  Application of x rays to the analysis of DNA packaging in mammalian sperm , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[159]  Anthony D. Stead,et al.  Atomic force microscopy employed as the final imaging stage for soft x-ray contact microscopy , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[160]  J. Kirz,et al.  Studies of Calcium Distribution in Bone by Scanning X-ray Microscopy , 1987 .

[161]  D. Sayre Prospects for long-wavelength X-ray microscopy and diffraction , 1980 .

[162]  C. Jacobsen,et al.  Modelling of dissolution and resolution in contact x-ray microscopy , 1994 .

[163]  P. Kirkpatrick The X-ray microscope. , 1949, Scientific American.

[164]  A 2 to 4 nm high power FEL on the SLAC linac , 1992 .

[165]  P. J. Viccaro,et al.  Coherent hard x‐ray focusing optics and applications , 1992 .

[166]  B. Niemann,et al.  The Göttingen X-ray microscopes , 1983 .

[167]  Graeme Morrison,et al.  Dark-field imaging with the scanning transmission x-ray microscope , 1992 .

[168]  John R. Gilbert,et al.  Imaging and etching: soft x-ray microscopy on whole wet cells , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[169]  E. Wolf Three-dimensional structure determination of semi-transparent objects from holographic data , 1969 .

[170]  B. Niemann,et al.  The Gottingen Scanning X-ray Microscope , 1986, Other Conferences.

[171]  E. Anderson,et al.  Demonstration of ultra-high-resolution soft x-ray tomography using a scanning transmission x-ray microscope , 1994 .

[172]  R. Glaeser,et al.  Limitations to significant information in biological electron microscopy as a result of radiation damage. , 1971, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[173]  S. Krinsky Undulators as Sources of Synchrotron Radiation , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[174]  Reginald W. James,et al.  The Optical principles of the diffraction of X-rays , 1948 .

[175]  E M Campbell,et al.  Demonstration of X-ray Holography with an X-ray Laser , 1987, Science.

[176]  D. Rudolph,et al.  Röntgenmikroskopie zur Untersuchung von wäßrigen biologischen und kolloidchemischen Systemen , 1992 .

[177]  M. Howells,et al.  X-Ray Holographic Microscopy Using the Atomic-Force Microscope , 1993 .

[178]  Henry I. Smith,et al.  X-ray Lithography: A New High Resolution Replication Process. , 1972 .

[179]  Troy W. Barbee,et al.  Imaging Schwarzschild multilayer x-ray microscope , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[180]  B. Niemann,et al.  X-Ray Microscopy Investigations on Polytene Chromosomes Isolated from Salivary Glands of Chironomus thummi Larvae , 1992 .

[181]  M. Howells Soft X-Ray Imaging for the Life Sciences , 1990 .

[182]  A. Rose,et al.  Television Pickup Tubes and the Problem of Vision , 1948 .

[183]  M. T. Browne,et al.  X-ray imaging of aggregation in silica and zeolitic precursors , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[184]  J. Cazaux,et al.  X-Ray Projection Microscopy and Microtomography in a Scanning Electron Microscope , 1992 .

[185]  Janos Kirz,et al.  Selective chemical mapping of coal microheterogeneity by scanning transmission x-ray microscopy , 1994 .

[186]  David L. Windt,et al.  Reduction imaging at 14 nm using multilayer‐coated optics: Printing of features smaller than 0.1 μm , 1990 .

[187]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  Measurements of wet metaphase chromosomes in the scanning transmission X‐ray microscope , 1993 .

[188]  J. Kirz,et al.  Experimental Observation of Diffraction Patterns from Micro-Specimens , 1988 .

[189]  Dong Eon Kim,et al.  Contact microscopy with a soft X‐ray laser , 1990 .

[190]  B. Zhang,et al.  The X-Ray Scanning Microscope Beam Branch Line and Its Scanning System Design at BEPC , 1992 .

[191]  A. P. Smith,et al.  X-ray microscopy in polymer science: prospects of a ‘new’ imaging technique , 1995 .

[192]  Graeme Morrison,et al.  The use of avalanche photodiodes for the detection of soft x rays , 1992 .

[193]  T. Wilhein,et al.  Phase contrast X-ray microscopy , 1994 .

[194]  C. Capasso,et al.  X-Ray Microscopy with Multilayer Mirrors - the Maximum Photoelectron Microscope , 1994 .

[195]  Sebastian Doniach,et al.  Synchrotron Radiation Research , 1978, Springer US.

[196]  G. Grondin,et al.  Freeze-fracture study of the zymogen granule membrane of pancreas: two novel types of intramembrane particles. , 1988, European journal of cell biology.

[197]  R Henderson,et al.  Image contrast in high-resolution electron microscopy of biological macromolecules: TMV in ice. , 1992, Ultramicroscopy.

[198]  M. T. Browne,et al.  Diffraction-limited imaging in a scanning transmission x-ray microscope , 1991, Optical Society of America Annual Meeting.

[199]  E. Anderson,et al.  X-ray imaging and x-ray source development at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 1993 .

[200]  M. Rosen,et al.  Wavelength choice for soft x-ray laser holography of biological samples. , 1989, Applied optics.

[201]  J. W. Giles Image Reconstruction from a Fraunhofer X-Ray Hologram with Visible Light* , 1969 .

[202]  M. Ando,et al.  Present status and future plan of soft x‐ray microscopy at the Photon Factory , 1992 .

[203]  S. Asunmaa Electron Microscopic Enlargements of X-Ray Absorption Micrographs , 1963 .

[204]  Ralph Feder,et al.  Soft X‐ray contact microscopy with nanosecond exposure times , 1985 .

[205]  C. David,et al.  Electron beam generated phase zone plates with 30 nm zonewidth for high resolution X-ray microscopy , 1992 .

[206]  A. Crewe,et al.  Scanning transmission electron microscopy * , 1974, Journal of microscopy.

[207]  J. Kirz,et al.  Soft-x-ray imaging with the 35 period undulator at the NSLS , 1989 .

[208]  R Feder,et al.  X-ray holograms at improved resolution: a study of zymogen granules. , 1987, Science.

[209]  Asher Peres,et al.  Gravitational radiation damping of nongravitational motion , 1960 .

[210]  J. Kirz,et al.  Metaphase chromosome DNA mass fraction is independent of species , 1994 .

[211]  V. E. Cosslett,et al.  X‐Ray Optics and X‐Ray Microanalysis , 1964 .

[212]  Shawn P. Williams,et al.  X‐ray stereomicroscopy: high resolution 3‐D imaging of human spermatozoa in aqueous suspension with natural contrast , 1992, Journal of microscopy.

[213]  S. Hulbert,et al.  The NEXAFS of biological calcium phosphates , 1995 .

[214]  G. Schmahl,et al.  High power zone plates as image forming systems for soft X-rays. , 1969 .

[215]  Graeme Morrison,et al.  X-Ray Microscopy III , 1992 .

[216]  R. Hilkenbach Experiments for the Construction of Sputtered Sliced Zone Plates , 1992 .

[217]  E. Spiller Low-Loss Reflection Coatings Using Absorbing Materials , 1972 .

[218]  V. V. Kondratenko,et al.  Synthesis and measurement of normal incidence x-ray multilayer mirrors optimized for a photon energy of 390 eV , 1994, Optics & Photonics.

[219]  Johndale C. Solem,et al.  Imaging biological specimens with high-intensity soft x rays , 1986 .

[220]  Ian McNulty,et al.  Experimental demonstration of high-resolution three-dimensional x-ray holography , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[221]  Morley M. Blouke,et al.  Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III , 1991 .

[222]  F. Polack,et al.  First Images with the Soft X-Ray Image Converting Microscope at LURE , 1988 .

[223]  G. Schmahl,et al.  Status Of The Sputtered Sliced Zone Plates For X-Ray Microscopy , 1982, Other Conferences.

[224]  R. J. Howard,et al.  Direct access to serum macromolecules by intraerythrocytic malaria parasites , 1991, Nature.

[225]  R. Steinbrecht,et al.  Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy , 1987, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[226]  D. R. Heath,et al.  Cathodoluminescence assessment of GaAs1−x Px for light emitting diodes , 1972 .

[227]  R Feder,et al.  Transmission microscropy of unmodified biological materials: comparative radiation dosages with electrons and ultrasoft x-ray photons. , 1977, Ultramicroscopy.

[228]  Chris Jacobsen X-RAY HOLOGRAPHY: A HISTORY , 1989 .

[229]  J. Kirz,et al.  Progress and Prospects in Soft X-Ray Holographic Microscopy , 1990 .

[230]  Werner Meyer-Ilse,et al.  Thinned back-illuminated CCD for x-ray microscopy , 1993, Electronic Imaging.

[231]  D. Attwood,et al.  Tunable Coherent X-rays , 1985, Science.

[232]  Weaver,et al.  Demonstration of a soft x-ray amplifier. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[233]  M. Hatzakis,et al.  Electron Resists for Microcircuit and Mask Production , 1969 .

[234]  Alan Michette,et al.  X-ray science and technology , 1993 .

[235]  Donald F. Parsons,et al.  Ultrasoft x-ray microscopy : its application to biological and physical sciences , 1980 .

[236]  Microstructural investigation of aggregates formed from aged silica sols by STXM , 1995 .

[237]  J. R. Paulson,et al.  The structure of histone-depleted metaphase chromosomes , 1977, Cell.

[238]  Dirk Rudolph,et al.  The Göttingen X-Ray Microscope and X-Ray Microscopy Experiments at the BESSY Storage Ring , 1984 .

[239]  J. Kirz,et al.  Soft X-Ray Microscopy of Biological Specimens , 1980 .

[240]  Graeme Morrison,et al.  Scanning x‐ray microscopy using a laser‐plasma source , 1993 .

[241]  John M. Kenney,et al.  Evaluation of a scanning transmission x-ray microscope using undulator radiation at the SERC Daresbury Laboratory , 1989 .

[242]  B. Niemann,et al.  Soft X-ray imaging zone plates with large zone numbers for microscopic and spectroscopic applications , 1974 .

[243]  P. Gölz,et al.  Temperature Rise of Objects in X-Ray Microscopy — Measurements and Calculations , 1992 .

[244]  Peter Guttmann,et al.  Zone Plates for X-Ray Microscopy , 1984 .

[245]  W. Lin,et al.  High-resolution x-ray stereomicroscopy: true three-dimensional imaging of biological samples , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[246]  H. Ade,et al.  X-ray Linear Dichroism Microscopy , 1993, Science.

[247]  J. DuMond,et al.  Submicroscopic Structure Determination by Long Wavelength X‐Ray Diffraction , 1955 .

[248]  D. Goodhead,et al.  The Radiobiology of Ultrasoft X-rays , 1988, Free-Electron Laser Applications in the Ultraviolet.

[249]  Antonio Bianconi,et al.  Biophysics and Synchrotron Radiation , 1987 .

[250]  B. Niemann,et al.  Environmental Chamber for X-Ray Imaging of Wet Biological Specimens , 1992 .

[251]  R. A. Santen,et al.  Silica gel from water glass: a SAXS study of the formation and ageing of fractal aggregates , 1991 .

[252]  W. Nixon,et al.  High-resolution X-ray projection microscopy , 1955, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[253]  P. Gölz Calculations on Radiation Dosages of Biological Materials in Phase Contrast and Amplitude Contrast X-Ray Microscopy , 1992 .

[254]  C. Sheppard,et al.  On the equivalence of scanning and conventional microscol)es , 1986 .

[255]  Katsuyuki Kinoshita,et al.  Electronic zooming TV readout system for an x-ray microscope , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[256]  Mark L. Rivers,et al.  X-ray imaging of calcium deposits in human cartilage , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[257]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  Micro-XANES: Chemical contrast in the scanning transmission X-ray microscope , 1994 .

[258]  J. Kirz,et al.  Quantitative imaging and microanalysis with a scanning soft x-ray microscope. , 1987, Physics in Medicine and Biology.

[259]  H. Schenk,et al.  Direct methods of solving crystal structures , 1991 .

[260]  Mark L. Rivers,et al.  Elemental imaging of cartilage by scanning x‐ray microscopy , 1992 .

[261]  D. E. Lehr,et al.  Applications of X-ray lasers , 1993 .

[262]  A. Baez,et al.  A Study in Diffraction Microscopy with Special Reference to X-Rays , 1952 .

[263]  D. Sayre,et al.  X-ray microscopy of biological objects with carbon kappa and with synchrotron radiation. , 1976, Science.

[264]  O. Mullins,et al.  Nitrogen chemical structure in DNA and related molecules by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. , 1992, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[265]  W A Ladd,et al.  High-Resolution Microradiography. , 1956, Science.

[266]  Y. Talmon Electron Beam Radiation Damage to Organic and Biological Cryospecimens , 1987 .

[267]  K. Shinohara,et al.  A NEW APPROACH TO THE OBSERVATION OF THE RESIST IN X‐RAY CONTACT MICROSCOPY , 1986, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[268]  Werner Meyer-Ilse,et al.  X-ray microscopy resource center at the advanced light source , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[269]  O. Mullins,et al.  Soft X-ray spectroscopy of metalloproteins using fluorescence detection , 1992 .

[270]  D. A. Dunnett Classical Electrodynamics , 2020, Nature.

[271]  D Sayre,et al.  X-ray microscopes. , 1991, Scientific American.

[272]  The Validity of the Born Approximation for the Imaging of 3-D Objects in X-Ray Microscopy , 1992 .

[273]  Eberhard Spiller,et al.  Early history of X-ray lithography at IBM , 1993, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[274]  Mark L. Schattenburg,et al.  Absence of resolution degradation in X-ray lithography for l from 4.5 nm to 0.83 nm , 1990 .

[275]  L. Reimer Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis , 1989 .

[276]  C. J. Buckley,et al.  The effect of soft X‐radiation on myofibrils , 1993, Journal of microscopy.

[277]  B. Lai,et al.  Fabrication of hard x‐ray phase zone plate by x‐ray lithography , 1993 .

[278]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  Resolution in soft X-ray microscopes , 1992 .

[279]  John Arthur,et al.  Optics for high-brightness synchrotron radiation beamlines II : 6-7 August 1996, Denver, Colorado , 1996 .

[280]  A. Jankowski,et al.  Sputtered-Sliced Linear Zone Plates for 8 keV X-Rays , 1988 .

[281]  B. Niemann,et al.  X-ray microscopy with synchrotron radiation. , 1976, Applied optics.

[282]  Anthony D. Stead,et al.  Visualization of the effects of electron microscopy fixatives on the structure of hydrated epidermal hairs of tomato (lycopersicum peruvianum) as revealed by soft x-ray contact microscopy , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[283]  F. Himpsel,et al.  Science with soft x-rays , 1983 .

[284]  R L Byer,et al.  Compact scanning soft-x-ray microscope using a laser-produced plasma source and normal-incidence multilayer mirrors. , 1989, Optics letters.

[285]  江橋 節郎,et al.  Handbook on synchrotron radiation , 1983 .

[286]  Janos Kirz,et al.  Phase zone plates for x rays and the extreme uv , 1974 .

[287]  John M. Rodenburg,et al.  Experimental tests on double-resolution coherent imaging via STEM , 1993 .

[288]  K. Shinohara,et al.  Direct imaging in a water layer of human chromosome fibres composed of nucleosomes and their higher‐order structures by laser‐plasma X‐ray contact microscopy , 1994, Journal of microscopy.

[289]  Anthony D. Stead,et al.  A Structural Study of the Floral Epidermal Hairs of Digitalis purpurea Using Light, Electron and X-ray Microscopy , 1989 .

[290]  G. Schmahl,et al.  HIGH POWER ZONE PLATES FOR A SOFT X‐RAY MICROSCOPE , 1980 .

[291]  D. Sayre,et al.  X-ray microscopy. , 1995, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[292]  M. Folkard Radiation Damage to Cells by Ultrasoft X-Rays , 1992 .

[293]  S. Lowenthal,et al.  Quantitative mapping of atomic species by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and contact microradiography , 1983 .

[294]  John M. Kenney,et al.  Recent Results from the Stony Brook Scanning Microscope , 1984 .

[295]  S. Wilkins,et al.  Phase-contrast imaging of weakly absorbing materials using hard X-rays , 1995, Nature.

[296]  Chris Jacobsen,et al.  Image enhancement through deconvolution , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[297]  S. Lowenthal,et al.  Photoelectron microscope for x‐ray microscopy and microanalysis , 1981 .

[298]  C. Buckley Imaging of calcium deposits in cartilage by scanning X-ray microscopy , 1992 .

[299]  J. Kirz,et al.  Zone plate lenses for X-ray microscopy , 1988 .

[300]  J E Trebes,et al.  Demonstration of x-ray microscopy with an x-ray laser operating near the carbon K edge. , 1992, Optics letters.

[301]  Rainer Lebert,et al.  An x-ray microscope with a plasma x-ray source , 1990 .

[302]  S. Suckewer,et al.  First stage in the development of a soft-x-ray reflection imaging microscope in the Schwarzschild configuration using a soft-x-ray laser at 18.2 nm. , 1992, Optics letters.

[303]  B. Niemann,et al.  Zone-plate X-ray microscopy , 1980, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.