Identity Management in Face Recognition Systems

Face recognition is one of the most challenging biometric modalities for personal identification. This is due to a number of factors, including the complexity and variability of the signal captured by a face device. Several issues incur in the management of a face template as user's identity. Data dimensionality reduction, compactness of the representation, uniqueness of the template and ageing effects, are just but a few of the issues to be addressed. In this paper we present the current state of the art in face recognition technology and how this related to the proper management of a user's identity. Some real cases are presented and some conclusions are drawn.

[1]  Norbert Krüger,et al.  Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching , 1997, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[2]  Marian Stewart Bartlett,et al.  Face recognition by independent component analysis , 2002, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[3]  Stefan Fischer,et al.  Face authentication with Gabor information on deformable graphs , 1999, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[4]  Massimo Tistarelli,et al.  Feature Level Fusion of Face and Fingerprint Biometrics , 2007, 2007 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems.

[5]  David J. Kriegman,et al.  Video-based face recognition using probabilistic appearance manifolds , 2003, 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[6]  Laurenz Wiskott,et al.  Phantom faces for face analysis , 1997, Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing.

[7]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Probabilistic recognition of human faces from video , 2002, Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing.

[8]  Alfred C. Weaver,et al.  Biometric authentication , 2006, Computer.

[9]  Rolf P. Würtz,et al.  Object Recognition Robust Under Translations, Deformations, and Changes in Background , 1997, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[10]  G. Baudat,et al.  Generalized Discriminant Analysis Using a Kernel Approach , 2000, Neural Computation.

[11]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Probabilistic Human Recognition from Video , 2002, ECCV.

[12]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Coupled-View Active Appearance Models , 2000, BMVC.

[13]  Norbert Krüger,et al.  An Algorithm for the Learning of Weights in Discrimination Functions Using a Priori Constraints , 1997, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[14]  Ching-Yung Lin,et al.  Cross-Modality Automatic Face Model Training from Large Video Databases , 2004, 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop.

[15]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Video-based online face recognition using identity surfaces , 2001, Proceedings IEEE ICCV Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems.

[16]  Alice J. O'Toole,et al.  Human recognition of familiar and unfamiliar people in naturalistic video , 2003, 2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443).

[17]  Ralph Gross,et al.  Appearance-Based 3-D Face Recognition from Video , 2002, DAGM-Symposium.

[18]  Purdy Ho,et al.  Rotation Invariant Real-time Face Detection and Recognition System , 2001 .

[19]  Patrick J. Flynn,et al.  Overview of the face recognition grand challenge , 2005, 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05).

[20]  Andrea Lagorio,et al.  Distinctiveness of faces: A computational approach , 2008, TAP.

[21]  Odile Le Guern Rhétorique d’une mise en espace : Parcours d’une exposition temporaire , 2006 .

[22]  Simon M. Lucas,et al.  Continuous n-tuple classifier and its application to real-time face recognition , 1998 .

[23]  Stan Z. Li,et al.  Learning spatially localized, parts-based representation , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001.

[24]  Juyang Weng,et al.  An incremental learning method for face recognition under continuous video stream , 2000, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580).

[25]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Multiple-exemplar discriminant analysis for face recognition , 2004, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004..

[26]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  A robust algorithm for probabilistic human recognition from video , 2002, Object recognition supported by user interaction for service robots.

[27]  Konstantinos N. Plataniotis,et al.  Face recognition using kernel direct discriminant analysis algorithms , 2003, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[28]  H. Sebastian Seung,et al.  Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization , 1999, Nature.

[29]  Chengjun Liu,et al.  Independent component analysis of Gabor features for face recognition , 2003, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[30]  Patrick J. Flynn,et al.  An evaluation of multimodal 2D+3D face biometrics , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[31]  Paul A. Viola,et al.  A unified learning framework for real time face detection and classification , 2002, Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition.

[32]  Horst Bunke,et al.  Combination of Classifiers on the Decision Level for Face Recognition , 1996 .

[33]  M. Turk,et al.  Eigenfaces for Recognition , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[34]  Bernd Neumann,et al.  Computer Vision — ECCV’98 , 1998, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[35]  Enrico Grosso,et al.  Face Identification by SIFT-based Complete Graph Topology , 2007, 2007 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies.

[36]  B. Scholkopf,et al.  Fisher discriminant analysis with kernels , 1999, Neural Networks for Signal Processing IX: Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop (Cat. No.98TH8468).

[37]  Hiroshi Murase,et al.  Unsupervised face recognition from image sequences , 2001, Proceedings 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.01CH37205).

[38]  Anastasios Tefas,et al.  Morphological elastic graph matching applied to frontal face authentication under well-controlled and real conditions , 2000, Pattern Recognit..

[39]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Support vector regression and classification based multi-view face detection and recognition , 2000, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580).

[40]  Bernhard Schölkopf,et al.  Nonlinear Component Analysis as a Kernel Eigenvalue Problem , 1998, Neural Computation.

[41]  Kenji Nagao,et al.  Recognizing Faces by Weakly Orthogonalizing against Perturbations , 1998, ECCV.

[42]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Small Sample Size Effects in Statistical Pattern Recognition: Recommendations for Practitioners , 1991, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[43]  Josef Kittler,et al.  Multiple Classifier Systems , 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[44]  Joachim M. Buhmann,et al.  Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture , 1993, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[45]  Hiroshi Murase,et al.  VQ-faces - unsupervised face recognition from image sequences , 2002, Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing.

[46]  Lawrence Sirovich,et al.  Application of the Karhunen-Loeve Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces , 1990, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[47]  Alexander H. Waibel,et al.  Growing Gaussian mixture models for pose invariant face recognition , 2000, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000.

[48]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Kernel independent component analysis , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03)..

[49]  Mads Nielsen,et al.  Computer Vision — ECCV 2002 , 2002, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[50]  Mohan M. Trivedi,et al.  Streaming face recognition using multicamera video arrays , 2002, Object recognition supported by user interaction for service robots.

[51]  Hilary Buxton,et al.  Towards unconstrained face recognition from image sequences , 1996, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition.

[52]  Weiwei Zhang,et al.  Illumination modeling and normalization for face recognition , 2003, 2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443).

[53]  Konstantinos N. Plataniotis,et al.  Face recognition using LDA-based algorithms , 2003, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[54]  Tsuhan Chen,et al.  Video-based face recognition using adaptive hidden Markov models , 2003, 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[55]  Ken-ichi Maeda,et al.  Face recognition using temporal image sequence , 1998, Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition.

[56]  Gunnar Rätsch,et al.  An introduction to kernel-based learning algorithms , 2001, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[57]  Patrick J. Flynn,et al.  Face Recognition Using 2 D and 3 D Facial Data , 2003 .

[58]  Mahito Fujii,et al.  Face Recognition for Video Indexing: Randomization of Face Templates Improves Robustness to Facial Expression , 2003, VLBV.

[59]  Albrecht Rothermel,et al.  Automatic Databases for Unsupervised Face Recognition , 2004, 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop.

[60]  Gunnar Rätsch,et al.  Invariant Feature Extraction and Classification in Kernel Spaces , 1999, NIPS.

[61]  Takashi Matsumoto,et al.  Bayesian face recognition using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method , 2004, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004..

[62]  Enrico Grosso,et al.  Dynamic face recognition: From human to machine vision , 2009, Image Vis. Comput..

[63]  Takayuki Ito,et al.  A unified approach to video face detection, tracking and recognition , 1999, Proceedings 1999 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. 99CH36348).

[64]  Chengjun Liu,et al.  Gabor-based kernel PCA with fractional power polynomial models for face recognition , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[65]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Learning to identify and track faces in image sequences , 1998, Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision (IEEE Cat. No.98CH36271).

[66]  Hua Yu,et al.  A direct LDA algorithm for high-dimensional data - with application to face recognition , 2001, Pattern Recognit..

[67]  Anastasios Tefas,et al.  Frontal Face Authentication Using Discriminating Grids with Morphological Feature Vectors , 2000, IEEE Trans. Multim..

[68]  Trevor Darrell,et al.  Face Recognition from Long-Term Observations , 2002, ECCV.

[69]  Avinash C. Kak,et al.  PCA versus LDA , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[70]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Face recognition from video: a CONDENSATION approach , 2002, Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition.

[71]  Osamu Yamaguchi,et al.  Face Recognition Using Multi-viewpoint Patterns for Robot Vision , 2003, ISRR.

[72]  Enrico Grosso,et al.  Person Authentication from Video of Faces: A Behavioral and Physiological Approach Using Pseudo Hierarchical Hidden Markov Models , 2006, ICB.

[73]  Roberto Cipolla,et al.  Face Recognition from Face Motion Manifolds using Robust Kernel Resistor-Average Distance , 2004, 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop.

[74]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Rank constrained recognition under unknown illuminations , 2003, 2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443).

[75]  Hiroshi Murase,et al.  Unsupervised recognition of multi-view face sequences based on pairwise clustering with attraction and repulsion , 2003, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[76]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  39 Dimensionality and sample size considerations in pattern recognition practice , 1982, Classification, Pattern Recognition and Reduction of Dimensionality.

[77]  Patrick J. Flynn,et al.  Preliminary Face Recognition Grand Challenge Results , 2006, 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FGR06).

[78]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Probabilistic identity characterization for face recognition , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004..

[79]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Pace recognition: eigenface, elastic matching, and neural nets , 1997, Proc. IEEE.

[80]  Anastasios Tefas,et al.  Using Support Vector Machines to Enhance the Performance of Elastic Graph Matching for Frontal Face Authentication , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[81]  Anastasios Tefas,et al.  Frontal face authentication using morphological elastic graph matching , 2000, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[82]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Visual tracking and recognition using appearance-adaptive models in particle filters , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[83]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  A system identification approach for video-based face recognition , 2004, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004..

[84]  Massimo Tistarelli,et al.  Distance Measures for Gabor Jets-Based Face Authentication: A Comparative Evaluation , 2007, ICB.

[85]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Improving identification performance by integrating evidence from sequences , 1999, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149).

[86]  Oscar Déniz-Suárez,et al.  An Incremental Learning Algorithm for Face Recognition , 2002, Biometric Authentication.

[87]  Kenji Nagao,et al.  Weak orthogonalization of face and perturbation for recognition , 1998, Proceedings. 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98CB36231).

[88]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Intra-personal Kernel Space for Face Recognition Intra-personal Kernel Space for Face Recognition , 2004 .

[89]  Simon M. Lucas,et al.  Sequence recognition with scanning N-tuple ensembles , 2004, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004..

[90]  Ralph Gross,et al.  An Image Preprocessing Algorithm for Illumination Invariant Face Recognition , 2003, AVBPA.

[91]  Luis Salgado,et al.  Visual Content Processing and Representation , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[92]  Gerhard Rigoll,et al.  Recognition of JPEG compressed face images based on statistical methods , 2000, Image Vis. Comput..

[93]  Mohamed A. Deriche,et al.  Scale-Space Properties of the Multiscale Morphological Dilation-Erosion , 1996, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[94]  Stan Z. Li,et al.  Advances in Biometrics, International Conference, ICB 2007, Seoul, Korea, August 27-29, 2007, Proceedings , 2007, ICB.

[95]  Patrick J. Flynn,et al.  Face Recognition Using 2D and 3D Facial Data , 2003 .

[96]  Anastasios Tefas,et al.  Face verification using elastic graph matching based on morphological signal decomposition , 2002, Signal Process..

[97]  Dmitry O. Gorodnichy,et al.  Facial Recognition in Video , 2003, AVBPA.