Real time control of water distribution networks: A state-of-the-art review.

This paper presents a review of the current state of the art of real time control (RTC) of water distribution networks (WDNs). After proving the basic concept and terms of RTC and presenting sensors, regulation devices and controllers typically used in WDNs, the paper goes on by describing the most frequent control objectives, which mainly include service pressure regulation, control of tank filling and energy production in each WDN district. Various control methodologies recently proposed in the scientific literature are presented and discussed, along with experimental and numerical results achieved. Also, aspects related to the cost-effectiveness of RTC are critically analyzed. The paper ends by giving an outlook into potential future developments in the area of RTC for WDNs.

[1]  Stefano Alvisi,et al.  Multistep Approach for Optimizing Design and Operation of the C-Town Pipe Network Model , 2016 .

[2]  Alberto Campisano,et al.  Field-Oriented Methodology for Real-Time Pressure Control to Reduce Leakage in Water Distribution Networks , 2016 .

[3]  Philip R. Page,et al.  Parameter-Less Remote Real-Time Control for the Adjustment of Pressure in Water Distribution Systems , 2017 .

[4]  Raghunathan Rengaswamy,et al.  A review of process fault detection and diagnosis: Part III: Process history based methods , 2003, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[5]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  A new algorithm for real-time pressure control in water distribution networks , 2013 .

[6]  Stefano Alvisi,et al.  A robust approach based on time variable trigger levels for pump control , 2017 .

[7]  Bogumil Ulanicki,et al.  Improving Stability of Electronically Controlled Pressure-Reducing Valves through Gain Compensation , 2018, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

[8]  Heber Pimentel Gomes,et al.  Intelligent system for control of water distribution networks , 2018 .

[9]  Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz,et al.  Solving Management Problems in Water Distribution Networks: A Survey of Approaches and Mathematical Models , 2019, Water.

[10]  P. Page,et al.  Comparison of Flow-Dependent Controllers for Remote Real-Time Pressure Control in a Water Distribution System with Stochastic Consumption , 2019, Water.

[11]  D. Savić,et al.  Lost in Optimisation of Water Distribution Systems? A Literature Review of System Design , 2018 .

[12]  Bogumil Ulanicki,et al.  Mathematical modelling of a hydraulic controller for PRV flow modulation , 2011 .

[13]  Z. Vitasovic,et al.  Real Time Control of Sewers: US EPA Manual , 2006 .

[14]  Arthur Williams.  Pumps as turbines: a user's guide , 1995 .

[15]  Anton Schleiss,et al.  Opportunity and Economic Feasibility of Inline Microhydropower Units in Water Supply Networks , 2016 .

[16]  J. G. Ziegler,et al.  Optimum Settings for Automatic Controllers , 1942, Journal of Fluids Engineering.

[17]  Vicenç Puig.  Fault Detection and Isolation in Sewer Networks , 2009 .

[18]  Alberto Campisano,et al.  Calibration of Proportional Controllers for the RTC of Pressures to Reduce Leakage in Water Distribution Networks , 2012 .

[19]  P. Vanrolleghem,et al.  Real time control of urban wastewater systems: where do we stand today? , 2004 .

[20]  Rafal Madonski,et al.  Application of active disturbance rejection controller to water supply system , 2014, Proceedings of the 33rd Chinese Control Conference.

[21]  Luigi Berardi,et al.  Relevance of hydraulic modelling in planning and operating real-time pressure control: case of oppegård municipality , 2018 .

[22]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Selection of pumping configuration for closed water distribution systems , 2016 .

[23]  Marios M. Polycarpou,et al.  Adaptive control of water quality in water distribution networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[24]  Simplício Arnaud da Silva,et al.  Operational optimisation of water supply networks using a fuzzy system , 2012 .

[25]  Angus R. Simpson,et al.  Optimization of Pump Operation Using Rule-Based Controls in EPANET2: New ETTAR Toolkit and Correction of Energy Computation , 2016 .

[26]  Armando Carravetta,et al.  Cost-Benefit Analysis for Hydropower Production in Water Distribution Networks by a Pump as Turbine , 2014 .

[27]  C Rosen,et al.  Multivariate and multiscale monitoring of wastewater treatment operation. , 2001, Water research.

[28]  Luigi Berardi,et al.  Strategies for the electric regulation of pressure control valves , 2017 .

[29]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Testing behavior and effects of PRVs and RTC valves during hydrant activation scenarios , 2018 .

[30]  Simon L. Prescott,et al.  Improved Control of Pressure Reducing Valves in Water Distribution Networks , 2008 .

[31]  Luigi Glielmo,et al.  Real-Time Control of Pressure for Leakage Reduction in Water Distribution Network: Field Experiments , 2018 .

[32]  Raghunathan Rengaswamy,et al.  A review of process fault detection and diagnosis: Part II: Qualitative models and search strategies , 2003, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[33]  Thomas M. Walski,et al.  Economic Analysis of Pressure Control for Leakage and Pipe Burst Reduction , 2017 .

[34]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Exploring numerically the benefits of water discharge prediction for the remote RTC of WDNs , 2017 .

[35]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Service pressure regulation in water distribution networks , 2019, Control Engineering Practice.

[36]  L. Glielmo,et al.  Operation of a Prototype for Real Time Control of Pressure and Hydropower Generation in Water Distribution Networks , 2018, Water Resources Management.

[37]  Carlo Ciaponi,et al.  Procedure for Defining a Pressure-Outflow Relationship Regarding Indoor Demands in Pressure-Driven Analysis of Water Distribution Networks , 2015, Water Resources Management.

[38]  Tore Hägglund,et al.  Automatic tuning of simple regulators with specifications on phase and amplitude margins , 1984, Autom..

[39]  W. Luyben,et al.  Tuning PI controllers for integrator/dead time processes , 1992 .

[40]  M. S. Mohan Kumar,et al.  Integrated Approach in the Quantitative and Qualitative Control of Water Distribution Systems through Control Systems , 2012 .

[41]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  RTC of Valves for Leakage Reduction in Water Supply Networks , 2010 .

[42]  Thomas M. Walski,et al.  Operation and Cost-Effectiveness of Local and Remote RTC , 2018, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.

[43]  Heber Pimentel Gomes,et al.  Neural network using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for optimal real-time operation of water distribution systems , 2018, Urban Water Journal.

[44]  P. Page,et al.  Remote real-time pressure control via a variable speed pump in a specific water distribution system , 2018, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua.

[45]  Philip R. Page,et al.  Real-Time Dynamic Hydraulic Model of Water Distribution Networks , 2019, Water.

[46]  Denis Dochain,et al.  Dynamical modelling and estimation in wastewater treatment processes. , 2015 .

[47]  Heber Pimentel Gomes,et al.  Generalized Minimum Variance Control for Water Distribution System , 2015 .

[48]  Luigi Glielmo,et al.  Real-Time Control of a PRV in Water Distribution Networks for Pressure Regulation: Theoretical Framework and Laboratory Experiments , 2018 .

[49]  Helena M. Ramos,et al.  Pressure Control for Leakage Minimisation in Water Distribution Systems Management , 2006 .

[50]  Mahmud Güngör,et al.  Increasing Performance of Water Distribution Network by Using Pressure Management and Database Integration , 2019, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice.

[51]  Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz,et al.  Pressure Management of Water Distribution Systems via the Remote Real-Time Control of Variable Speed Pumps , 2017 .

[52]  Elad Salomons,et al.  Optimal Dynamic Pump Triggers for Cost Saving and Robust Water Distribution System Operations , 2019, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.

[53]  J B Copp,et al.  Fault detection for control of wastewater treatment plants. , 2006, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[54]  Raghunathan Rengaswamy,et al.  A review of process fault detection and diagnosis: Part I: Quantitative model-based methods , 2003, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[55]  L Rieger,et al.  An efficient monitoring concept with control charts for on-line sensors. , 2002, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[56]  Luigi Glielmo,et al.  Hydraulic and Electric Regulation of a Prototype for Real-Time Control of Pressure and Hydropower Generation in a Water Distribution Network , 2018, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.

[57]  Kris Villez,et al.  Multi‐model statistical process monitoring and diagnosis of a sequencing batch reactor , 2007, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[58]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Stability and Robustness of Real-Time Pressure Control in Water Distribution Systems , 2020 .

[59]  D. Muschalla,et al.  Potential and limitations of modern equipment for real time control of urban wastewater systems , 2013 .

[60]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Unsteady Flow Modeling of Pressure Real-Time Control in Water Distribution Networks , 2017 .

[61]  M. Prasanna Kumar,et al.  Tuning of PID controllers for water networks—different approaches , 2009 .

[62]  Luigi Glielmo,et al.  Real Time Control of a Prototype for Pressure Regulation and Energy Production in Water Distribution Networks , 2016 .

[63]  Luis Garrote,et al.  Pressure Management in Water Distribution Systems: Current Status, Proposals, and Future Trends , 2016 .

[64]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Using Additional Time Slots for Improving Pump Control Optimization Based on Trigger Levels , 2019, Water Resources Management.

[65]  Enrico Creaco,et al.  Optimisation of leakage and energy in the Abbiategrasso district , 2016 .