Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: is there desensitization?

[1]  J. Strayer,et al.  Empathy in Conduct-Disordered and Comparison Youth. , 1996 .

[2]  L. Rowell Huesmann,et al.  Media Violence and Antisocial Behavior: An Overview , 1986 .

[3]  D. G. Perry,et al.  Outcome Values and Aggression , 1989 .

[4]  L. Eron Seeing is believing: How viewing violence alters attitudes and aggressive behavior. , 2001 .

[5]  C. Anderson,et al.  Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature , 2001, Psychological science.

[6]  C. Zahn-Waxler,et al.  The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. , 2000, Developmental psychology.

[7]  Akira Sakamoto,et al.  Video Game Use and The Development of Sociocognitive Abilities in Children: Three Surveys of Elementary School Students1 , 1994 .

[8]  J. Richters The NIMH community violence project , 1993 .

[9]  J. Funk,et al.  Video game controversies. , 1995, Pediatric annals.

[10]  J. Osofsky,et al.  The effects of exposure to violence on young children. , 1995, The American psychologist.

[11]  Aaron R. Boyson,et al.  Violence in Music Videos: Examining the Prevalence and Context of Physical Aggression , 2002 .

[12]  L. R. Huesmann,et al.  Children's normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[13]  J. S. Greene,et al.  Electronic games. , 1982, JAMA.

[14]  S. Hershberger,et al.  Peer victimization and attitudes about violence during early adolescence. , 1999, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[15]  K. Montgomery,et al.  Youth and digital media: a policy research agenda. , 2000, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[16]  M. Kelley,et al.  Development of a Screening Instrument for Exposure to Violence in Children: The KID-SAVE , 2000 .

[17]  R. Ceballo,et al.  Inner-city children's exposure to community violence: How much do parents know? , 2001 .

[18]  B. Friedlander Community violence, children's development, and mass media: in pursuit of new insights, new goals, and new strategies. , 1993, Psychiatry.

[19]  J. Bryant,et al.  Media effects : advances in theory and research , 2002 .

[20]  F. Molitor,et al.  Children's toleration of real-life aggression after exposure to media violence: A replication of the Drabman and Thomas studies. , 1994 .

[21]  Glenn G. Sparks,et al.  Effects of media violence , 2002 .

[22]  Karen E. Dill,et al.  Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[23]  P. Fink Video violence. , 1993, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[24]  Margaret H. Thomas,et al.  Does media violence increase children's toleration of real-life aggression? , 1974 .

[25]  J. Funk,et al.  Playing Violent Video and Computer Games and Adolescent Self‐Concept , 1996 .

[26]  K. Slovak,et al.  Viewing preferences, symptoms of psychological trauma, and violent behaviors among children who watch television. , 1998, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[27]  Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General , 2001 .

[28]  N. Eisenberg,et al.  The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[29]  D. Stoff,et al.  Handbook of antisocial behavior , 1997 .

[30]  J. Funk,et al.  The Attitudes Toward Violence Scale , 2003 .

[31]  N. Eisenberg Emotion, regulation, and moral development. , 2000, Annual review of psychology.

[32]  N. Feshbach Empathy: The formative years-- Implications for clinical practice. , 1997 .

[33]  M. Bowie Media violence. , 1997, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[34]  L. R. Huesmann,et al.  The effects of media violence on the development of antisocial behavior. , 1997 .

[35]  Patricia Cohen,et al.  Television Viewing and Aggressive Behavior During Adolescence and Adulthood , 2002, Science.

[36]  D. Hay,et al.  Prosocial development. , 1994, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[37]  D. Gentile,et al.  The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. , 2004, Journal of adolescence.

[38]  D. Gentile,et al.  A validity test of movie, television, and video-game ratings. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[39]  Sam Kirschner,et al.  Perspectives on psychology and the media. , 1997 .

[40]  K. Browne,et al.  FILM VIOLENCE AND YOUNG OFFENDERS , 1999 .

[41]  D. Stipek,et al.  Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, & society. , 2001 .

[42]  Ronda M. Scantlin,et al.  Children and Interactive Media: A Compendium of Current Research and Directions for the Future , 2000 .

[43]  Nancy G. Guerra,et al.  Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: I. Assessment. , 1988 .

[44]  E. Leonard,et al.  Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride , 1996 .

[45]  B. G. Rule,et al.  The Effects of Media Violence on Attitudes, Emotions, and Cognitions , 1986 .

[46]  Nancy G. Guerra,et al.  Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: II. Intervention. , 1990 .

[47]  Joseph Wolpe,et al.  The practice of behavior therapy, 2nd ed. , 1973 .

[48]  Joseph Wolpe,et al.  The practice of behavior therapy , 1969 .

[49]  P. Martinez,et al.  The NIMH community violence project: II. Children's distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. , 1993, Psychiatry.

[50]  Lori Ann Vogt Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for caring and Justice. , 2003 .

[51]  Mark A. Barnett,et al.  Late Adolescents' Experiences With and Attitudes Toward Videogames1 , 1997 .

[52]  D. Singer,et al.  Handbook of Children and the Media , 2000 .

[53]  S. Bruce,et al.  Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. , 1997, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[54]  J. Osofsky,et al.  Chronic community violence: what is happening to our children? , 1993, Psychiatry.

[55]  J. Strayer,et al.  Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior , 1996 .

[56]  J. Gibbs,et al.  Parents' use of inductive discipline: relations to children's empathy and prosocial behavior. , 1996, Child development.

[57]  Daniel R. Anderson,et al.  Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: the recontact study. , 2001, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[58]  J. Hagan,et al.  Children and Electronic Games: A Comparison of Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Children's Habits and Preferences in a United States Sample , 1999, Psychological reports.

[59]  D. Browne,et al.  Aggression and fighting behavior among African-American adolescents: individual and family factors. , 1994, American journal of public health.

[60]  J. Bryant,et al.  Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 2nd ed. , 2002 .

[61]  M. Jonson-Reid,et al.  Youth violence and exposure to violence in childhood: An ecological review , 1998 .

[62]  J. Weisz,et al.  Mechanisms of action in youth psychotherapy. , 2002, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[63]  Dale L Kunkel,et al.  Violence in Children's Television Programming: Assessing the Risks , 2002 .

[64]  R. Boyd,et al.  Emotional and Behavioral Impact of Exposure to Community Violence in Inner-City Adolescents , 2001, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[65]  M. Kelley,et al.  Validation of a screening instrument for exposure to violence in African American children. , 2002, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[66]  Wayne F. Velicer,et al.  A Measurement Model for Measuring Attitudes Toward Violence , 1989 .

[67]  Brenda K. Bryant,et al.  An Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents. , 1982 .

[68]  Craig A. Anderson,et al.  The Effects of Media Violence on Society , 2002, Science.

[69]  E. Donnerstein,et al.  Impact of media violence on children, adolescents, and adults. , 1997 .

[70]  P. Kendall,et al.  A developmental-ecological perspective on antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: toward a unified risk and intervention framework. , 1995, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[71]  Jeanne B. Funk,et al.  Children's perceptions of gender differences in social approval for playing electronic games , 1996 .

[72]  Joanne Cantor,et al.  Media violence. , 2000, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[73]  J. Dunn,et al.  "I got some swords and you're dead!": violent fantasy, antisocial behavior, friendship, and moral sensibility in young children. , 2001, Child development.

[74]  Ronda M. Scantlin,et al.  American children's use of electronic media in 1997: A national survey , 2001 .

[75]  Haejung Paik,et al.  The Effects of Television Violence on Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis1 , 1994 .

[76]  M. Kelley,et al.  Development and Validation of the Screen for Adolescent Violence Exposure (SAVE) , 1997, Journal of abnormal child psychology.