Grinding–hardening using dry air and liquid nitrogen: Prediction and verification of temperature fields and hardened layer thickness

This paper investigates the grinding–hardening both theoretically and experimentally with a plunge surface-grinding process. Theoretically, the paper presents a temperature-dependent finite element heat transfer model, incorporating a triangular moving heat source and various cooling conditions, to investigate the phase transformation kinetics, thus to predict the thickness of a layer hardened. The temperature variation and thickness of the hardened layer were also investigated experimentally on quenchable steel 1045 using dry air and liquid nitrogen as the cooling media. The predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results. It was found that the phase transformation follows the martensitic kinetics. The application of liquid nitrogen enhances the transformation of retained austenite to martensite and results in a refinement of the martensitic structure.

[1]  H. Bhadeshia,et al.  Bainite in steels : transformations, microstructure and properties , 1992 .

[2]  T. Brockhoff,et al.  Grind-Hardening: A Comprehensive View , 1999 .

[3]  K. G. McConnell,et al.  Instrumentation for engineering measurements , 1984 .

[4]  T. Brockhoff,et al.  Utilization of Grinding Heat as a New Heat Treatment Process , 1996 .

[5]  Hiroshi Fujii,et al.  Temperature measurement of workpiece in surface grinding by PVD film method , 1997 .

[6]  E A Eisen,et al.  Mortality studies of machining fluid exposure in the automobile industry. IV: A case-control study of lung cancer. , 1997, American journal of industrial medicine.

[7]  Tatsuo Inoue,et al.  Description of transformation kinetics, heat conduction and elastic-plastic stress in the course of quenching and tempering of some steels , 1981 .

[8]  M. C. Shaw.  Principles of Abrasive Processing , 1996 .

[9]  Liangchi Zhang,et al.  Mechanical property improvement of quenchable steel by grinding , 2002 .

[10]  Jutta Rohde,et al.  Literature review of heat treatment simulations with respect to phase transformation, residual stresses and distortion , 2000 .

[11]  Liangchi Zhang,et al.  A revisit to some wheel-workpiece interaction problems in surface grinding , 2002 .

[12]  G. Totten,et al.  Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel , 2001 .

[13]  W. A. Johnson.  Reaction Kinetics in Processes of Nucleation and Growth , 1939 .

[14]  S. Malkin,et al.  Energy Partition to the Workpiece for Grinding with Aluminum Oxide and CBN Abrasive Wheels , 1995 .

[15]  J. M. Coulson,et al.  Heat Transfer , 2018, Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications.

[16]  E. Eisen,et al.  Mortality studies of machining fluid exposure in the automobile industry. V: A case-control study of pancreatic cancer. , 1997, American journal of industrial medicine.

[17]  Cheng Heming,et al.  Calculation of the residual stress of a 45 steel cylinder with a non-linear surface heat-transfer coefficient including phase transformation during quenching , 1999 .

[18]  Liangchi Zhang,et al.  Applied mechanics in grinding—III. A new formula for contact length prediction and a comparison of available models , 1993 .

[19]  M. Shiotsu,et al.  Boiling heat transfer characteristics for heat inputs with various increasing rates in liquid nitrogen , 1992 .

[20]  I. V. Samarasekera,et al.  Mathematical model of phase transformations and elastoplastic stress in the water spray quenching of steel bars , 1993 .

[21]  S. Malkin,et al.  Temperatures and Energy Partition for Grinding with Vitrified CBN Wheels , 1999 .

[22]  Liangchi Zhang.  Grind-hardening of steel surfaces: a focused review , 2007 .

[23]  A. Lavine.  A Simple Model for Convective Cooling During the Grinding Process , 1988 .

[24]  Tien-Chien Jen,et al.  Coupled heat transfer to workpiece, wheel and fluid in grinding, and the occurrence of workpiece burn , 1991 .

[25]  Liangchi Zhang,et al.  Grinding-hardening with liquid nitrogen: Mechanisms and technology , 2007 .

[26]  A. Abdel-azim.  Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2011 .

[27]  A. Visintin,et al.  A mathematical model of the austenite-pearlite transformation in plain carbon steel based on the Scheil's additivity rule , 1987 .

[28]  Liangchi Zhang,et al.  Applied mechanics in grinding—V. Thermal residual stresses , 1997 .

[29]  I. Zarudi,et al.  Modelling the structure changes in quenchable steel subjected to grinding , 2002 .

[30]  D. P. Koistinen,et al.  A general equation prescribing the extent of the austenite-martensite transformation in pure iron-carbon alloys and plain carbon steels , 1959 .

[31]  A. Simon,et al.  MATHEMATICAL MODEL COUPLING PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND TEMPERATURE EVOLUTIONS IN STEELS , 1992 .

[32]  Frank P. Incropera,et al.  Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 1981 .

[33]  Ichiro Inasaki,et al.  PRINCIPLES OF ABRASIVE PROCESSING , 1998 .

[34]  Stephen Malkin,et al.  Grinding Technology: Theory and Applications of Machining with Abrasives , 1989 .