Optical Properties of Bruised Apple Tissue

Understanding optical properties of apple tissue, especially bruised tissue, can help us develop an effective method for detecting bruises during sorting and grading. This research was conducted on determining the optical properties of bruised apple tissue over 500-1,000 nm and quantifying their changes with time. Spectral absorption and reduced scattering coefficients were determined from the normal, unbruised tissues of 'Golden Delicious' and 'Red Delicious' apples and then bruised tissues at different time intervals after bruising, using a hyperspectral imaging-based spatially resolved technique. Absorption for normal tissues was generally lower than that for the bruised tissues in the spectral region of less than 600 nm, while an opposite trend was observed in the spectral region of 800-1,000 nm. The reduced scattering coefficient for normal tissues was much higher than that for the bruised tissues; it decreased consistently over time. Bruising had greater impact on scattering than on absorption. Hence an optical system that can enhance scattering features would be better suited for bruise detection.

[1]  R. W. Bajema,et al.  INSTRUMENTED PENDULUM FOR IMPACT CHARACTERIZATION OF WHOLE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SPECIMENS , 1998 .

[2]  R. Lu,et al.  Technologies for Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetables , 2010 .

[3]  Daniel E. Guyer,et al.  Near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging for detection of bruises on pickling cucumbers , 2006, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.

[4]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  Hyperspectral diffuse reflectance imaging for rapid, noncontact measurement of the optical properties of turbid materials. , 2006, Applied optics.

[5]  G. M. Hyde,et al.  Commodity conditioning to reduce impact bruising , 2001 .

[6]  H. A. Ferwerda,et al.  Scattering and absorption of turbid materials determined from reflection measurements. 1: theory. , 1983, Applied optics.

[7]  N. Mohsenin.  Physical properties of plant and animal materials , 1970 .

[8]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  Measurement of the Absorption and Scattering Properties of Turbid Liquid Foods Using Hyperspectral Imaging , 2007, Applied spectroscopy.

[9]  Anthony J. Durkin,et al.  Detection of bruises on golden delicious apples using spatial- frequency-domain imaging , 2007, SPIE BiOS.

[10]  Alessandro Torricelli,et al.  Time-Resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy Applied to the Nondestructive Monitoring of the Internal Optical Properties in Apples , 2001 .

[11]  Hamid R. Arabnia,et al.  Apple classification based on surface bruises using image processing and neural networks , 2002 .

[12]  R. Lu,et al.  Measurement of the optical properties of fruits and vegetables using spatially resolved hyperspectral diffuse reflectance imaging technique , 2008 .

[13]  Renfu Lu,et al.  Detection of bruises on apples using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging , 2003 .

[14]  B. Wilson,et al.  A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady-state diffuse reflectance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties in vivo. , 1992, Medical physics.

[15]  F. J. García-Ramos,et al.  Reduction of Mechanical Damage to Apples in a Packing Line Using Mechanical Devices , 2003 .

[16]  Valentín,et al.  Chapter 2. , 1998, Annals of the ICRP.

[17]  T. Vo‐Dinh,et al.  Optical Properties of Tissue , 2003 .

[18]  Veerle Van linden,et al.  Impact damage of apples during transport and handling , 2007 .