The lived experience of high achieving Year 13 boys using silent in-school individual study time during timetabled study periods

.................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ V TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. VII LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ................................................................XIV PREFACE THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF HIGH ACHIEVING YEAR 13 BOYS .............................................................................................................XV CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Context .................................................................................................................................................... 3 The school .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Cambridge International Examinations ...................................................................................... 7 Table 1 UCAS Tariff Points .................................................................................................................. 9 Students and silent study ............................................................................................................ 11 My background ............................................................................................................................... 12 My role as the researcher ............................................................................................................. 13 Research purpose .............................................................................................................................. 13 Significance, scope, and definitions .............................................................................................. 15 Significance ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Thesis outline ...................................................................................................................................... 16

[1]  Michael N. Forster Hermeneutics , 2019, The Cambridge Companion to Hermeneutics.

[2]  Gökhan Baş,et al.  Homework and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research , 2017 .

[3]  Andrew J. Martin,et al.  The role of implicit theories of intelligence and ability in predicting achievement for Indigenous (Aboriginal) Australian students , 2016 .

[4]  H. Marsh,et al.  Cultural perspectives on Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian students' school motivation and engagement , 2016 .

[5]  Hershey H. Friedman,et al.  Rethinking Higher Education: Focusing on Skills and Competencies , 2016 .

[6]  C. Kalenkoski,et al.  Does high school homework increase academic achievement? , 2016, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[7]  H. de Rosario,et al.  Technology use, adoption and behavior in older adults: Results from the iStoppFalls project , 2016 .

[8]  Christian Dalsgaard,et al.  Student Facebook groups as a third space: between social life and schoolwork , 2016, Social Media and Education.

[9]  P. Newton The Learning Styles Myth is Thriving in Higher Education , 2015, Front. Psychol..

[10]  José Muñiz,et al.  Adolescents' Homework Performance in Mathematics and Science: Personal Factors and Teaching Practices , 2015 .

[11]  Sherri Jean Katz,et al.  Predicting Parent-Child Differences in Perceptions of How Children Use the Internet for Help With Homework, Identity Development, and Health Information , 2015 .

[12]  S. Wilder Impact of problem-based learning on academic achievement in high school: a systematic review , 2015 .

[13]  Cheryl Mason Bolick,et al.  Fostering High-School Students’ Self-Regulated Learning Online and Across Academic Domains , 2015 .

[14]  R. Fairlie Do Boys and Girls Use Computers Differently, and Does It Contribute to Why Boys do Worse in School Than Girls? , 2015, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[15]  Christa S. C. Asterhan,et al.  The promise, reality and dilemmas of secondary school teacher-student interactions in Facebook: The teacher perspective , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[16]  Jehanzeb R. Cheema,et al.  Differences in computer use for entertainment between boys and girls: Evidence from a global survey , 2015, Entertain. Comput..

[17]  Larry Ferlazzo,et al.  Building a Community of Self-Motivated Learners: Strategies to Help Students Thrive in School and Beyond , 2015 .

[18]  Enrique Navarro-Asencio,et al.  Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis , 2015 .

[19]  Julie Dockrell,et al.  A survey of acoustic conditions and noise levels in secondary school classrooms in England. , 2015, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[20]  B. Massis Secondary school students in college – the library’s role , 2015 .

[21]  C. Wylie,et al.  Achievement in boys' schools 2010–12 , 2014 .

[22]  N. Rudman A Review of Homework Literature as a Precursor to Practitioner-Led Doctoral Research in a Primary School , 2014 .

[23]  M. McDaniel,et al.  Make It Stick , 2014 .

[24]  Andrew McConney,et al.  Explaining the achievement gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous students: an analysis of PISA 2009 results for Australia and New Zealand , 2014 .

[25]  M. Hellenbrand,et al.  Working With the Millennial Generation: Challenges Facing 21st-Century Students From the Perspective of University Staff , 2014 .

[26]  L. Finlay Engaging Phenomenological Analysis , 2014 .

[27]  G. Yapıcı,et al.  Prevalence and risk factors of Internet addiction in high school students. , 2014, European journal of public health.

[28]  Celal Gülşen,et al.  The principal and healthy school climate , 2014 .

[29]  Andrew J. Martin From will to skill: The psychology of motivation, instruction and learning in today's classroom , 2013 .

[30]  M. Forrest Practising Silence in Teaching , 2013 .

[31]  Joseph J Dhlamini,et al.  The effect of a group approach on the performance of high school mathematics learners , 2013 .

[32]  J. McClure,et al.  Low expectations equal no expectations: Aspirations, motivation, and achievement in secondary school , 2013 .

[33]  J. Gustafsson Causal inference in educational effectiveness research: a comparison of three methods to investigate effects of homework on student achievement 1 , 2013 .

[34]  K. Ecclestone Silence in schools , 2013 .

[35]  A. Carroll,et al.  Self-regulated learning and executive function: exploring the relationships in a sample of adolescent males , 2013 .

[36]  M. Reichert,et al.  Relationships Play Primary Role in Boys' Learning , 2013 .

[37]  C. Peckover A Review of “Building Classroom Success: Eliminating Academic Fear and Failure” , 2013 .

[38]  Johanna F. Schwarz,et al.  Planning for the unplannable: Responding to (un)articulated calls in the classroom , 2013 .

[39]  Suzy Jagger,et al.  Affective learning and the classroom debate , 2013 .

[40]  David A. Sears,et al.  Individual versus collaborative problem solving: divergent outcomes depending on task complexity , 2013 .

[41]  Katherine Schultz The Fullness of Silence in the Classroom , 2012 .

[42]  Barry Hymer Understanding and Overcoming Underachievement in Boys , 2012 .

[43]  D. Markant,et al.  Self-Directed Learning , 2012, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[44]  Daniel C. Moos,et al.  Self-Regulated Learning in the Classroom: A Literature Review on the Teacher's Role , 2012 .

[45]  L. Finlay ‘Writing the Pain’: Engaging First-Person Phenomenological Accounts , 2012 .

[46]  R. Strathdee,et al.  Who is missing from higher education in New Zealand , 2012 .

[47]  Lisa F. Smith,et al.  Students' self-perception of reading ability, enjoyment of reading and reading achievement , 2012 .

[48]  Jennifer D. Shapka,et al.  Trajectories of Educational Aspirations Through High School and Beyond: A Gendered Phenomenon? , 2012 .

[49]  Beverly J. Rowe,et al.  The “Mozart Effect” and the Mathematical Connection , 2012 .

[50]  Tip Robertson,et al.  The impact of media multitasking on learning , 2012 .

[51]  Elizabeth D. Cox,et al.  Problematic internet use among US youth: a systematic review. , 2011, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[52]  F. Paas,et al.  Differential effects of problem-solving demands on individual and collaborative learning outcomes. , 2011 .

[53]  H. Bembenutty,et al.  Meaningful and Maladaptive Homework Practices: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation , 2011 .

[54]  Jennifer A. Schmidt,et al.  Age and Gender Differences in Adolescents' Homework Experiences. , 2011 .

[55]  Hefer Bembenutty,et al.  The Last Word: An Interview With Harris Cooper-Research, Policies, Tips, and Current Perspectives on Homework , 2011 .

[56]  Paul A. Kirschner,et al.  Facebook® and academic performance , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[57]  Lisa De Bortoli,et al.  Contextual factors that influence the achievement of Australia's Indigenous students , 2010 .

[58]  A. Pritchard,et al.  Psychology for the Classroom: Constructivism and Social Learning , 2010 .

[59]  A. Yahaya,et al.  The Effects of Various Modes of School Formality Culture and Student Learning Style with Secondary School Students Academic’s Achievements , 2010 .

[60]  R. Gardner,et al.  Increasing On-Task Behaviors of High School Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Is it Enough? , 2010 .

[61]  M. Manen,et al.  The Pedagogy of Momus Technologies: Facebook, Privacy, and Online Intimacy , 2010, Qualitative health research.

[62]  A. Sullivan,et al.  Single-Sex Schooling and Academic Attainment at School and Through the Lifecourse , 2010 .

[63]  Jianzhong Xu Homework Purposes Reported by Secondary School Students: A Multilevel Analysis , 2010 .

[64]  S. Hallam,et al.  The perceived impact of playing music while studying: age and cultural differences , 2010 .

[65]  Weihua Fan,et al.  The effects of parental involvement on students’ academic self‐efficacy, engagement and intrinsic motivation , 2010 .

[66]  L. Finlay Debating Phenomenological Research Methods , 2009 .

[67]  M. Carter Visible learning: a synthesis of over 800 meta‐analyses relating to achievement , 2009 .

[68]  Ulrich Trautwein,et al.  The relationship between homework time and achievement is not universal: evidence from multilevel analyses in 40 countries , 2009 .

[69]  S. Karabenick,et al.  Academic Delay of Gratification , 2009 .

[70]  N. Johnson Cyber-Relations in the Field of Home Computer Use for Leisure: Bourdieu and Teenage Technological Experts , 2009 .

[71]  Andrew J. Martin Motivation and Engagement Across the Academic Life Span , 2009 .

[72]  Hefer Bembenutty,et al.  Academic delay of gratification, self-regulation of learning, gender differences, and expectancy-value , 2009 .

[73]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  School Climate: Research, Policy, Practice, and Teacher Education , 2009, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[74]  Steven D Busch,et al.  The effects of school culture and climate on student achievement , 2009 .

[75]  Jenny Byrne,et al.  VAK or VAK‐uous? Towards the trivialisation of learning and the death of scholarship , 2008 .

[76]  S. Dollinger,et al.  Which factors best account for academic success: Those which college students can control or those they cannot? , 2008 .

[77]  Ivy Geok Chin Tan,et al.  Organizing Schools for Productive Learning , 2008 .

[78]  R. Ollin Silent pedagogy and rethinking classroom practice: structuring teaching through silence rather than talk , 2008 .

[79]  J. A. Sherwood,et al.  Improving Homework Completion of Students through Tutored Study Hall. , 2008 .

[80]  Yo-Ping Huang,et al.  On Students' Strategy-Preferences for Managing Difficult Course Work , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Education.

[81]  Andrew J. Martin Enhancing student motivation and engagement: The effects of a multidimensional intervention ☆ , 2008 .

[82]  B. Zimmerman Investigating Self-Regulation and Motivation: Historical Background, Methodological Developments, and Future Prospects , 2008, American Educational Research Journal.

[83]  Donald J. Domenici Implications of Hermeneutic Constructivism for Personal Construct Theory: Imaginally Construing the Nonhuman World , 2008 .

[84]  M. Manen Phenomenology of Practice , 2007, Phenomenology & Practice.

[85]  Ulrich Trautwein,et al.  The homework–achievement relation reconsidered: Differentiating homework time, homework frequency, and homework effort , 2007 .

[86]  Lilian H. Hill Thoughts for students considering becoming qualitative researchers – Qualities of qualitative researchers , 2007 .

[87]  R. Murphy,et al.  ‘Read All about it!’ UK News Media Coverage of A-Level Results , 2007 .

[88]  Joyce Lynn Garrett Homework , 2007 .

[89]  J. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches , 2006 .

[90]  Nicki Clausen-Grace,et al.  R5: The Sustained Silent Reading Makeover That Transformed Readers , 2006 .

[91]  Charles B. Hutchison Cultural constructivism: the confluence of cognition, knowledge creation, multiculturalism, and teaching , 2006 .

[92]  Harris Cooper,et al.  Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research, 1987–2003 , 2006 .

[93]  A. Pritchard Ways of Learning: Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom , 2006 .

[94]  H. Gadamer,et al.  Looking Back with Gadamer Over his Writings and their Effective History , 2006 .

[95]  K. Dahlberg The essence of essences – the search for meaning structures in phenomenological analysis of lifeworld phenomena , 2006 .

[96]  K. Pierce Posing, Pretending, Waiting for the Bell: Life in High School Classrooms , 2005 .

[97]  Steve Gruenert Correlations of Collaborative School Cultures with Student Achievement , 2005 .

[98]  Derek C. Glover,et al.  School culture, climate and ethos: interchangeable or distinctive concepts? , 2005 .

[99]  J. Rudduck,et al.  Pupil voice: comfortable and uncomfortable learnings for teachers , 2005 .

[100]  R. Heck,et al.  Student perceptions of school culture and achievement: testing the invariance of a model , 2005 .

[101]  T. Keith,et al.  Longitudinal Effects of In-School and Out-of-School Homework on High School Grades , 2004 .

[102]  Linda V. Coupal Constructivist learning theory and human capital theory: shifting political and educational frameworks for teachers' ICT professional development , 2004, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[103]  Richard A. Young,et al.  Introduction: Constructivism and social constructionism in the career field. , 2004 .

[104]  A. Norberg,et al.  A phenomenological hermeneutical method for researching lived experience. , 2004, Scandinavian journal of caring sciences.

[105]  R. Murphy,et al.  Could do better? Media depictions of UK educational assessment results , 2004 .

[106]  Angelo Caranfa Silence as the Foundation of Learning , 2004 .

[107]  Michalinos Zembylas,et al.  The Sound of Silence in Pedagogy , 2004 .

[108]  S. Karabenick,et al.  Inherent Association Between Academic Delay of Gratification, Future Time Perspective, and Self-Regulated Learning , 2004 .

[109]  Marie Poggenpoel,et al.  The Researcher as Research Instrument in Educational Research: A Possible Threat to Trustworthiness? (A: Research_instrument) , 2003 .

[110]  Andrew J. Martin Boys and motivation , 2003 .

[111]  S. Laverty Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A Comparison of Historical and Methodological Considerations , 2003 .

[112]  Ulrich Trautwein,et al.  The Relationship Between Homework and Achievement—Still Much of a Mystery , 2003 .

[113]  Jianzhong Xu,et al.  Family Help and Homework Management Reported by Middle School Students , 2003, The Elementary School Journal.

[114]  Jeanne J LeVasseur,et al.  The Problem of Bracketing in Phenomenology , 2003, Qualitative health research.

[115]  A. Phoenix,et al.  The trouble with boys , 2003 .

[116]  Eva Alerby,et al.  The Sounds of Silence: Some remarks on the value of silence in the process of reflection in relation to teaching and learning , 2003 .

[117]  Jun-Chae Yoon,et al.  Three Decades of Sustained Silent Reading: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of SSR on Attitude toward Reading. , 2002 .

[118]  V. Lambert,et al.  The Review Process , 2002 .

[119]  Jeff Johnson,et al.  Too much of a bad thing , 2002 .

[120]  A. Cook-Sather,et al.  Authorizing Students’ Perspectives: Toward Trust, Dialogue, and Change in Education , 2002 .

[121]  Jennifer Evans,et al.  Systematic Reviews of Educational Research: Does the medical model fit? , 2001 .

[122]  Merith Cosden,et al.  When Homework is not Home Work: After-School Programs for Homework Assistance , 2001 .

[123]  Thomas A. Schwandt The SAGE Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry , 2001 .

[124]  James J. Lindsay,et al.  Homework in the Home: How Student, Family, and Parenting-Style Differences Relate to the Homework Process. , 2000, Contemporary educational psychology.

[125]  Ulf Landström,et al.  Annoyance and effects on work from environmental noise at school. , 2000, Noise & health.

[126]  A. Jaworski,et al.  Beliefs about Silence in the Classroom , 1998 .

[127]  James R. Valadez,et al.  Student Characteristics, School Characteristics, and Educational Aspirations of Six Asian American Ethnic Groups , 1998 .

[128]  D. Garrison Self-Directed Learning: Toward a Comprehensive Model , 1997 .

[129]  S. Schlossman,et al.  "A Sin against Childhood": Progressive Education and the Crusade to Abolish Homework, 1897-1941 , 1996, American Journal of Education.

[130]  James L. Drewniak,et al.  Stop that noise , 1995 .

[131]  Norman Graves,et al.  Learner Managed Learning: Practice, Theory and Policy , 1994 .

[132]  C. Moustakas Phenomenological Research Methods , 1994 .

[133]  Claudia Goldin,et al.  Understanding The Gender Gap , 1992 .

[134]  Charles Suhor Surprised by Bird, Bard, and Bach: Language, Silence, and Transcendence , 1991, English Journal.

[135]  Carla M. Leone,et al.  Classwork and homework in early adolescence: The ecology of achievement , 1989, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[136]  S. Bunnell Appraisal , 1987 .

[137]  James Moffett,et al.  Writing, Inner Speech, and Meditation , 1982, College English.

[138]  R. Palmer Hermeneutics: Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger and Gadamer , 1969 .

[139]  W. Mackey The Meaning of Method , 1950 .

[140]  M. Elias,et al.  The increasing impact of socioeconomics and race on standardized academic test scores across elementary, middle, and high school. , 2016, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[141]  J. Bélanger,et al.  Ethical Dilemmas Facing Action Researchers , 2016 .

[142]  Bridget P. Jaensch What can the lit lab do for you? a qualitative analysis of high school literacy lab participants , 2016 .

[143]  Barbara Mayer,et al.  Visible Learning For Teachers Maximizing Impact On Learning , 2016 .

[144]  M. Howes,et al.  Memory and Schemas , 2014 .

[145]  Terry S. Judd,et al.  Making sense of multitasking: The role of Facebook , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[146]  J. Munro,et al.  From school to university: Transition to adulthood , 2014 .

[147]  Marjan Laal,et al.  Benefits of collaborative learning , 2012 .

[148]  Reynol Junco,et al.  Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance , 2012, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[149]  K. Welsh Student resistance to schooling: Understanding the guided study hall student , 2012 .

[150]  David J. Shernoff,et al.  Parental Influences on Achievement Motivation and Student Engagement , 2012 .

[151]  Carina Henriksson Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Pedagogical Practice , 2012 .

[152]  Paul Chandler,et al.  Contemporary cognitive load theory research: The good, the bad and the ugly , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[153]  Katrina Eddles-Hirsch A phenomenological study of advanced learners in educational settings suited to their academic needs , 2009 .

[154]  B. Reviews Vygotsky ’ s Legacy : A Foundation for Research and Practice , 2009 .

[155]  Noelle M. Nelson,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-Control : A Limited-Resource Account of Decision Making , Self-Regulation , and Active Initiative , 2008 .

[156]  Vladimir M. Sloutsky,et al.  Learning Words from Context , 2008 .

[157]  M. Irwin Hear our boys' voices : what hinders and enhances their academic success : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand , 2007 .

[158]  J. Rudduck Student Voice, Student Engagement, And School Reform , 2007 .

[159]  R. Teese Condemned to Innovate , 2006 .

[160]  K. Anders Ericsson,et al.  Why study time does not predict grade point average across college students: Implications of deliberate practice for academic performance , 2005 .

[161]  K. Novak,et al.  The guardian , 2003 .

[162]  ConstructionismD . Raskin Constructivism in Psychology: Personal Construct Psychology, Radical Constructivism, and Social , 2002 .

[163]  F. Rauscher,et al.  Mozart and the Mind: Factual and Fictional Effects of Musical Enrichment , 2002 .

[164]  B. Zimmerman Theories of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview and Analysis , 2001 .

[165]  Huey-li Li Silences and Silencing Silences , 2001, Philosophy of Education.

[166]  Gretchen B. Rossman,et al.  Designing qualitative research, 3rd ed. , 1999 .

[167]  M. Crotty The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process , 1998 .

[168]  Annemarie S. Palincsar,et al.  Social constructivist perspectives on teaching and learning. , 1998, Annual review of psychology.

[169]  S. Turale Phenomenology and Nursing Research , 1997 .

[170]  E. Guba,et al.  Competing paradigms in qualitative research. , 1994 .

[171]  M. Manen Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy , 1990 .

[172]  Harris Cooper,et al.  Synthesis of Research on Homework. , 1989 .

[173]  Eileen S. Marzola INTERROGATING THE TEXT: QUESTIONING STRATEGIES DESIGNED TO IMPROVE READING COMPREHENSION , 1988 .

[174]  C. Fitz-Gibbon A‐level Results in Comprehensive Schools: the COMBSE project, Year 1 , 1985 .

[175]  M. Cole,et al.  Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. L. S. Vygotsky. , 1978 .

[176]  Jean Piaget Piaget’s Theory , 1976 .

[177]  L H Clayman,et al.  "Education is self-education". , 1975, The New York journal of dentistry.