Contributions géostatistiques à la biologie halieutique

Le travail, base sur les donnees de plusieurs campagnes scientifiques de peche, est divise en deux parties independantes. La premiere partie s'inscrit dans la recherche d'une methodologie de suivi des stocks a l'aide d'indicateurs bases sur les seules campagnes scientifiques. Pour cela, on a selectionne des indices decrivant la distribution spatiale d'une population halieutique: centre de gravite, inertie, anisotropie, microstructure, diverses mesures d'aires, etc. Ces indices ont ete choisis en particulier de facon a ne pas dependre d'une delimitation arbitraire du champ, la contribution d'un echantillon a valeur nulle de densite de poissons valant zero. Appliques a la population de merlu europeen du golfe de Gascogne, ces indices permettent de decrire la dynamique spatiale des differents groupes d'âge, ainsi que leur variabilite interannuelle. Par ailleurs, de tels indices spatiaux se revelent etre des indicateurs de la dynamique de la population, ainsi qu'en temoignent des correlations significatives avec des parametres demographiques, observees sur une variete de stocks europeens. De facon a assurer un meilleur suivi de l'etat d'un stock, indices spatiaux et indices biologiques ont enfin ete combines par la methode des MAF (Min-max Autocorrelation Factors), qui vise a reduire le bruit en extrayant les composantes les plus continues dans le temps. Cette technique a ete appliquee sur la morue de mer du Nord et l'anchois du golfe de Gascogne. La seconde partie vise a evaluer, dans l'estimation d'abondances a partir de campagnes acoustiques, la part d'incertitude provenant de l'echantillonnage spatial. L'estimation de l'abondance provenant du signal acoustique enregistre le long de transects, ainsi que de facteurs biologiques mesures en des stations de chalutage, il est necessaire de combiner les incertitudes des deux sources. On a recours pour cela a des simulations geostatistiques conditionnelles de modeles multivaries specifiques (a base de simulations gaussiennes transformees et d'un echantillonneur de Gibbs pour le traitement des nombreuses valeurs nulles de l'acoustique). La methode a ete appliquee au hareng autour des iles Shetland et a l'anchois dans le golfe de Gascogne.

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