Electrophotography and Development Physics

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Technical History.- 1.2 Copier Market.- 1.3 Printer Market.- 1.4 Alternative Powder Marking Technologies.- 1.4.1 Magnetography.- 1.4.2 Ionography.- 2. The Electrophotographic Process.- 2.1 The Six Steps of Electrophotography.- 2.1.1 Charge.- 2.1.2 Expose.- 2.1.3 Develop.- 2.1.4 Transfer.- 2.1.5 Fuse.- 2.1.6 Clean.- 2.2 Implementation-Interactions.- 2.3 Subsystem Choices.- 2.3.1 Photoreceptor.- 2.3.2 Charge.- 2.3.3 Light Source.- 2.3.4 Develop.- 2.3.5 Transfer.- 2.3.6 Fuse.- 2.3.7 Clean.- 3. The Development Step.- 3.1 Challenges.- 3.2 Focus.- 3.3 Descriptions.- 4. Toner Charging for Two Component Development Systems.- 4.1 Metal-Metal Contact Charging.- 4.2 Metal-Insulator Contact Charging.- 4.2.1 Controversies.- 4.2.2 Experimental and Theoretical Difficulties.- 4.2.3 Other Metal-Insulator Experiments.- 4.2.4 Electron Transfer Theories.- 4.2.5 Ion Transfer Theories.- 4.3 Insulator-Insulator Contact Charging.- 4.4 Toner-Carrier Charging.- 4.4.1 Surface State Theory.- 4.4.2 Carbon Black.- 4.4.3 Charge Control Agents.- 4.4.4 Charge Measuring Tools.- 4.5 Summary.- 5. Cascade Development.- 5.1 Development Mechanisms.- 5.1.1 Airborne.- 5.1.2 Contact.- 5.1.3 Scavenging.- 5.1.4 Electrode Source.- 5.2 Experimental Work.- 5.2.1 Solid Area Development.- 5.2.2 Line Development.- 5.2.3 Background Development.- 5.3 Theory Ill.- 5.3.1 Airborne Development Ill.- 5.3.2 Contact Development.- 5.4 Summary.- 6. Insulative Magnetic Brush Development.- 6.1 Qualitative Comparison of Development Mechanisms.- 6.2 The Electric Field.- 6.2.1 Charges.- 6.2.2 Effective Dielectric Constant.- 6.3 Theories of Solid Area Development.- 6.3.1 Neutralization.- 6.3.2 Field Stripping.- 6.3.3 Powder Cloud.- 6.3.4 Equilibrium.- 6.3.5 Depletion.- 6.3.6 "Complete" Theory.- 6.4 Solid Area Development Experiments.- 6.5 Line Development.- 6.6 Background Development.- 6.7 Improvements.- 6.8 Summary.- 7. Conductive Magnetic Brush Development.- 7.1 Initial Theoretical Ideas.- 7.2 Experimental Data and Discussions.- 7.3 Infinitely Conductive Theory.- 7.4 Comparison with Experiment.- 7.5 Line Development.- 7.6 Background Development.- 7.7 Summary.- 8. Toner Charging for Monocomponent Development Systems.- 8.1 Induction Charging.- 8.2 Injection Charging.- 8.3 Contact Charging.- 8.4 Corona Charging.- 8.5 Charging Methods for Powder Coating.- 8.6 Other Charging Methods.- 8.7 Traveling Electric Fields.- 9. Monocomponent Development.- 9.1 Aerosol or Powder Cloud Development.- 9.2 Early Work.- 9.3 Theory of Monocomponent Development.- 9.4 Conductive Toner.- 9.5 Magnetic, Insulative Toner.- 9.6 Nonmagnetic, Insulative Toner.- 9.7 Summary.- 10. Liquid Development.- 10.1 Material Requirements.- 10.1.1 Toner Charging.- 10.1.2 Liquid Properties.- 10.2 Development Theories.- 10.2.1 First-Order Effects.- 10.2.2 Complexities.- 10.2.3 Better Development Theories.- 10.3 Toner Characteristics.- 10.3.1 Optimized Properties.- 10.3.2 Determination of Toner Properties.- 10.4 Recent Developments.- 10.5 Summary.- 11. Color Electrophotography.- 11.1 History.- 11.2 Image Quality.- 11.2.1 Grayscale.- 11.2.2 Other Challenges.- 11.3 Colored Toner Accumulation.- 11.4 New Development Systems.- 11.4.1 Image Quality.- 11.4.2 Compactness.- 11.4.3 Noncontact, Noninteracting Development System.- 11.5 Color Market.- 11.6 Current Copier Products.- 11.7 Current Printer Products.- 12. Update of Chapters 1-10.- 12-1.2 Copier Market.- 12-1.3 Printer Market.- 12-1.4 Alternative Powder Marking Technologies.- 12-1.4.1 Magnetography.- 12-1.4.2 Ionography.- 12-2.1.4 Transfer and Toner Adhesion.- 12-2.3.2 Charge.- 12-2.3.5 Transfer.- 12-2.3.7 Clean.- 12-4 Toner Charging for Two Component Development Systems.- 12-4.3 Insulator-Insulator Contact Charging.- 12-4.4 Toner-Carrier Charging.- 12-4.4.1 Surface State Theory.- 12-4.4.3 Charge Control Agents.- 12-4.4.4 Charge Measuring Tools.- 12-4.4.5 Life Characteristics.- 12-6.2.2 Effective Dielectric Constant.- 12-6.4 Solid Area Development Experiments.- 12-6.6 Background Development.- 12-7.3 Infinitely Conductive Theory.- 12-8.3 Contact Charging.- 12-9.3 Theory of Monocomponent Development.- 12-9.4 Conductive Toner.- 12-9.6 Nonmagnetic, Insulative Toner.- 12-10.1.1 Toner Charging.- 12-10.4 Recent Developments.- References.