Bioinspired wetting surface via laser microfabrication.

Bioinspired special wettibilities including superhydrophobicity and tunable adhesive force have drawn considerable attention because of their significant potential for fundamental research and practical applications. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of bioinspired wetting surfaces via laser microfabrication, with a focus on controllable, biomimetic, and switchable wetting surfaces, as well as their applications in biology, microfluidic, and paper-based devices, all of which demonstrate the ability of laser microfabrication in producing various multiscale structures and its adaptation in a great variety of materials. In particular, compared to other techniques, laser microfabrication can realize special modulation ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic without the assistance of fluorination, allowing much more freedom to achieve complex multiple-wettability integration. The current challenges and future research prospects of this rapidly developing field are also being discussed. These approaches open the intriguing possibility of the development of advanced interfaces equipped with the integration of more functionalities.

[1]  Lin Li,et al.  The effects of high-power diode laser radiation on the wettability, adhesion and bonding characteristics of an alumina/silica-based oxide and vitreous enamel , 1999 .

[2]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Micro-, nano- and hierarchical structures for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning and low adhesion , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[3]  Babak Ziaie,et al.  Laser-treated hydrophobic paper: an inexpensive microfluidic platform. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[4]  Qing Yang,et al.  Fabrication of micro-gratings on Au-Cr thin film by femtosecond laser interference with different pulse durations , 2009 .

[5]  Thomas Schimmel,et al.  The Salvinia Paradox: Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Hydrophilic Pins for Air Retention Under Water , 2010, Advanced materials.

[6]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Effects of rugged nanoprotrusions on the surface hydrophobicity and water adhesion of anisotropic micropatterns. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[7]  Lei Jiang,et al.  The Dry‐Style Antifogging Properties of Mosquito Compound Eyes and Artificial Analogues Prepared by Soft Lithography , 2007 .

[8]  N. Dahotre,et al.  Wettability and kinetics of hydroxyapatite precipitation on a laser-textured Ca-P bioceramic coating. , 2009, Acta biomaterialia.

[9]  Y. Do,et al.  Superhydrophobicity of 2D SiO2 hierarchical micro/nanorod structures fabricated using a two-step micro/nanosphere lithography , 2012 .

[10]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Multifunctional surface structures of plants: An inspiration for biomimetics , 2009 .

[11]  M. Birnbaum Semiconductor Surface Damage Produced by Ruby Lasers , 1965 .

[12]  Taolei Sun,et al.  Biomimetic Smart Interface Materials for Biological Applications , 2011, Advanced materials.

[13]  Eric Mazur,et al.  Comparison of Structure and Properties of Femtosecond and Nanosecond Laser-Structured Silicon , 2004 .

[14]  Hong-Bo Sun,et al.  One-step preparation of regular micropearl arrays for two-direction controllable anisotropic wetting. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[15]  A. Tünnermann,et al.  Femtosecond, picosecond and nanosecond laser ablation of solids , 1996 .

[16]  K. Y. Li,et al.  Preparation of hydrophobic surface on steel by patterning using laser ablation process , 2010 .

[17]  Liang Hao,et al.  On the correlation between Nd:YAG laser-induced wettability characteristics modification and osteoblast cell bioactivity on a titanium alloy , 2006 .

[18]  Yihe Zhang,et al.  Pulsed laser deposition of superhydrophobic thin Teflon films on cellulosic fibers , 2006 .

[19]  Wei He,et al.  Wetting effects on in vitro bioactivity and in vitro biocompatibility of laser micro-textured Ca-P coating , 2010, Biofabrication.

[20]  Hongyu Y Zheng,et al.  Femtosecond laser-induced modification of surface wettability of PMMA for fluid separation in microchannels , 2011 .

[21]  B. Beaugiraud,et al.  Modifications of roughness and wettability properties of metals induced by femtosecond laser treatment , 2011 .

[22]  Generation of debris in the femtosecond laser machining of a silicon substrate , 2005 .

[23]  K. Yeung,et al.  Surface structuring of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by UV excimer laser , 2003 .

[24]  Maria de Fátima Montemor,et al.  Ageing effects on the wettability behavior of laser textured silicon , 2011 .

[25]  Florenta Costache,et al.  Control parameters in pattern formation upon femtosecond laser ablation , 2007 .

[26]  Ming Zhou,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces prepared by microstructuring of silicon using a femtosecond laser. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[27]  K. Wong,et al.  Superhydrophobicity of polytetrafluoroethylene thin film fabricated by pulsed laser deposition , 2007 .

[28]  G. Walker,et al.  Force microscopy studies of fibronectin adsorption and subsequent cellular adhesion to substrates with well-defined surface chemistries. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[29]  C. Daniel,et al.  Wetting behaviour of laser synthetic surface microtextures on Ti–6Al–4V for bioapplication , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[30]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Petal effect: a superhydrophobic state with high adhesive force. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[31]  U. Liebel,et al.  Superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic micropatterning: towards genome-on-a-chip cell microarrays. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[32]  Xinjian Feng,et al.  Design and Creation of Superwetting/Antiwetting Surfaces , 2006 .

[33]  S. Seeger,et al.  Micropatterning of superhydrophobic silicone nanofilaments by a near-ultraviolet Nd:YAG laser , 2010 .

[34]  C. Fotakis,et al.  Tuning cell adhesion by controlling the roughness and wettability of 3D micro/nano silicon structures. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[35]  W. Zisman,et al.  Properties of Films of Adsorbed Fluorinated Acids , 1954 .

[36]  Yucheng Ding,et al.  Anisotropic wetting on microstrips surface fabricated by femtosecond laser. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[37]  A. Giesen,et al.  Tooth ablation using a CPA-free thin disk femtosecond laser system , 2004 .

[38]  Qing Yang,et al.  Versatile route to gapless microlens arrays using laser-tunable wet-etched curved surfaces. , 2012, Optics express.

[39]  J. Bonse,et al.  Ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of indium phosphide in air , 2001 .

[40]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[41]  S. Brueck,et al.  Strongly anisotropic wetting on one-dimensional nanopatterned surfaces. , 2008, Nano letters.

[42]  S. Franssila,et al.  Complex Droplets on Chemically Modified Silicon Nanograss , 2008 .

[43]  A. Vorobyev,et al.  Metal pumps liquid uphill , 2009 .

[44]  Liang Li,et al.  Vertically aligned and ordered hematite hierarchical columnar arrays for applications in field-emission, superhydrophilicity, and photocatalysis , 2010 .

[45]  Jin Zhai,et al.  Super-hydrophobic surfaces: From natural to artificial , 2002 .

[46]  Hong Zhao,et al.  Fabrication, surface properties, and origin of superoleophobicity for a model textured surface. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[47]  Joël S. Rossier,et al.  Topography, Crystallinity and Wettability of Photoablated PET Surfaces , 1999 .

[48]  S. Jeoung,et al.  Formation of superhydrophobic poly(dimethysiloxane) by ultrafast laser-induced surface modification. , 2008, Optics express.

[49]  Mei Li,et al.  Anisotropic wetting characteristics on submicrometer-scale periodic grooved surface. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[50]  Yong‐Lai Zhang,et al.  Biomimetic graphene surfaces with superhydrophobicity and iridescence. , 2012, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[51]  N. Dahotre,et al.  Laser pulse dependent micro textured calcium phosphate coatings for improved wettability and cell compatibility , 2010, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[52]  Wilhelm Pfleging,et al.  Laser- and UV-assisted modification of polystyrene surfaces for control of protein adsorption and cell adhesion , 2009 .

[53]  Saulius Juodkazis,et al.  Holographic lithography of periodic two- and three-dimensional microstructures in photoresist SU-8. , 2006, Optics express.

[54]  A. Cassie,et al.  Wettability of porous surfaces , 1944 .

[55]  J. Hao,et al.  Reversibly switchable wettability. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[56]  Effect of ultra-fast laser texturing on surface wettability of microfluidic channels , 2012 .

[57]  Boris N. Chichkov,et al.  Laser-based nanoengineering of surface topographies for biomedical applications , 2011 .

[58]  C. Fotakis,et al.  Controlling cell adhesion via replication of laser micro/nano-textured surfaces on polymers , 2011, Biofabrication.

[59]  Y. Mi,et al.  Dynamics of a stick-jump contact line of water drops on a strip surface. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[60]  Costas Fotakis,et al.  Biomimetic Artificial Surfaces Quantitatively Reproduce the Water Repellency of a Lotus Leaf , 2008 .

[61]  S. Malzer,et al.  Self-organized tungsten nanospikes grown on subwavelength ripples induced by femtosecond laser pulses. , 2007, Optics express.

[62]  Lin Li,et al.  Carbon steel wettability characteristics enhancement for improved enamelling using a 1.2 kW high power diode laser , 1999 .

[63]  Liang Hao,et al.  The wettability modification of bio-grade stainless steel in contact with simulated physiological liquids by the means of laser irradiation , 2005 .

[64]  Ping-Hei Chen,et al.  Study on wetting properties of periodical nanopatterns by a combinative technique of photolithography and laser interference lithography , 2010 .

[65]  Megan S. Lord,et al.  Influence of nanoscale surface topography on protein adsorption and cellular response , 2010 .

[66]  Lichao Gao,et al.  The "lotus effect" explained: two reasons why two length scales of topography are important. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[67]  Wilhelm Pfleging,et al.  Laser-assisted modification of polystyrene surfaces for cell culture applications , 2007 .

[68]  W. Michaeli,et al.  Fast fabrication of super-hydrophobic surfaces on polypropylene by replication of short-pulse laser structured molds , 2010 .

[69]  Xun Hou,et al.  Direct fabrication of seamless roller molds with gapless and shaped-controlled concave microlens arrays. , 2012, Optics letters.

[70]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Applications of Bio‐Inspired Special Wettable Surfaces , 2011, Advanced materials.

[71]  C. Fotakis,et al.  Reversible Photoinduced Wettability Transition of Hierarchical ZnO Structures , 2009 .

[72]  A. Parker,et al.  Water capture by a desert beetle , 2001, Nature.

[73]  Zhi‐zhan Xu,et al.  Origin of laser-induced near-subwavelength ripples: interference between surface plasmons and incident laser. , 2009, ACS nano.

[74]  C J Murphy,et al.  Effects of synthetic micro- and nano-structured surfaces on cell behavior. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[75]  Andrew Ustianowski,et al.  Tropical infectious diseases: Diagnostics for the developing world , 2004, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[76]  Sylvia Daunert,et al.  Paper strip whole cell biosensors: a portable test for the semiquantitative detection of bacterial quorum signaling molecules. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[77]  David Reinhoudt,et al.  What do we need for a superhydrophobic surface? A review on the recent progress in the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2007, Chemical Society reviews.

[78]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Smart responsive surfaces switching reversibly between super-hydrophobicity and super-hydrophilicity , 2009 .

[79]  C. Fotakis,et al.  Reversible wettability of ZnO nanostructured thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition , 2009 .

[80]  Costas Fotakis,et al.  Bio-inspired water repellent surfaces produced by ultrafast laser structuring of silicon , 2009 .

[81]  S. Yohe,et al.  Superhydrophobic materials for tunable drug release: using displacement of air to control delivery rates. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[82]  H. Zheng,et al.  Laser micro structuring on a Si substrate for improving surface hydrophobicity , 2009 .

[83]  Shuyan Gao,et al.  Ordered Co3O4 hierarchical nanorod arrays: tunable superhydrophilicity without UV irradiation and transition to superhydrophobicity , 2009 .

[84]  Xun Hou,et al.  A simple route to fabricate artificial compound eye structures. , 2012, Optics express.

[85]  Jørgen Schou,et al.  Physical aspects of the pulsed laser deposition technique: The stoichiometric transfer of material from target to film , 2009 .

[86]  Costas Fotakis,et al.  Making silicon hydrophobic: wettability control by two-lengthscale simultaneous patterning with femtosecond laser irradiation , 2006, Nanotechnology.

[87]  A Curtis,et al.  Topographical control of cells. , 1997, Biomaterials.

[88]  Xi Zhang,et al.  Biostructure-like surfaces with thermally responsive wettability prepared by temperature-induced phase separation micromolding. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[89]  Jonathan Lawrence,et al.  Modification of the wettability characteristics of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) by means of CO2, Nd:YAG, excimer and high power diode laser radiation , 2001 .

[90]  Daeyeon Lee,et al.  Photoreactive coating for high-contrast spatial patterning of microfluidic device wettability. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[91]  Wolfgang Husinsky,et al.  Morphology of ablation craters generated by ultra-short laser pulses in dentin surfaces: AFM and ESEM evaluation , 2010 .

[92]  T. Zuo,et al.  Hydrophilicity modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) by excimer laser ablation and irradiation , 2008 .

[93]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[94]  W. Pfleging,et al.  Control of wettability of hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films by laser-assisted micro- and nanostructuring , 2011 .

[95]  Qing Yang,et al.  Fabrication of bioinspired omnidirectional and gapless microlens array for wide field-of-view detections , 2012 .

[96]  A. Vorobyev,et al.  Laser turns silicon superwicking. , 2010, Optics express.

[97]  W. Kautek,et al.  Femtosecond laser ablation of silicon–modification thresholds and morphology , 2002 .

[98]  Boris N. Chichkov,et al.  The hydrophobic properties of femtosecond laser fabricated spike structures and their effects on cell proliferation , 2009 .

[99]  Gang Li,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated by microstructuring of stainless steel using a femtosecond laser , 2009 .

[100]  L Hao,et al.  Enhanced human osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation on 316 LS stainless steel by means of CO2 laser surface treatment. , 2005, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[101]  Yi-jian Jiang,et al.  The superhydrophobic properties of ZrO2 induced by laser irradiation , 2012 .

[102]  Jian Yu,et al.  Femtosecond laser ablation enhances cell infiltration into three-dimensional electrospun scaffolds. , 2012, Acta biomaterialia.

[103]  Boris N. Chichkov,et al.  Precise laser ablation with ultrashort pulses , 1997 .

[104]  J. Wang,et al.  Fabrication of large-area hydrophobic surfaces with femtosecond-laser-structured molds , 2011 .

[105]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  3D Micro‐ and Nanostructures via Interference Lithography , 2007 .

[106]  Graziano Guella,et al.  Structured and Nanoparticle Assembled Co−B Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition: A Very Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Production , 2008 .

[107]  C. Fotakis,et al.  Electrowetting properties of micro/nanostructured black silicon. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[108]  Costas Fotakis,et al.  Laser-based micro/nanoengineering for biological applications , 2009 .

[109]  Zengbo Wang,et al.  Laser surface modification of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) membrane for tissue engineering applications , 2005 .

[110]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Bio‐Inspired, Smart, Multiscale Interfacial Materials , 2008 .

[111]  J. Mazumder,et al.  Control of the wetting properties of an AISI 316L stainless steel surface by femtosecond laser-induced surface modification , 2012 .

[112]  M. Ferenets,et al.  Thin Solid Films , 2010 .

[113]  C. Wong,et al.  Hierarchical structured sol–gel coating by laser textured template imprinting for surface superhydrophobicity , 2012 .

[114]  Mengyan Shen,et al.  Femtosecond Laser-Induced Formation Of Submicrometer Spikes On Silicon In Water , 2004 .

[115]  Qing Yang,et al.  Wetting characteristics on hierarchical structures patterned by a femtosecond laser , 2010 .

[116]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Reversible switching between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[117]  George M Whitesides,et al.  FLASH: a rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[118]  Claudio Parolo,et al.  Paper-based nanobiosensors for diagnostics. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[119]  Hong-Bo Sun,et al.  Biomimetic graphene films and their properties. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[120]  C. Fotakis,et al.  Tailoring the wetting response of silicon surfaces via fs laser structuring , 2008 .

[121]  M Epple,et al.  Large-area, uniform, high-spatial-frequency ripples generated on silicon using a nanojoule-femtosecond laser at high repetition rate. , 2011, Optics letters.

[122]  Hong Xia,et al.  A facile approach for artificial biomimetic surfaces with both superhydrophobicity and iridescence , 2010 .

[123]  Hirofumi Hidai,et al.  The effect of micronscale anisotropic cross patterns on fibroblast migration. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[124]  Roberta Ramponi,et al.  Surface properties of femtosecond laser ablated PMMA. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[125]  R. Advíncula,et al.  Tunable Protein and Bacterial Cell Adsorption on Colloidally Templated Superhydrophobic Polythiophene Films , 2012 .

[126]  N. Koshizaki,et al.  A hierarchically ordered TiO2 hemispherical particle array with hexagonal-non-close-packed tops: synthesis and stable superhydrophilicity without UV irradiation. , 2008, Small.

[127]  Yoshiki Shimizu,et al.  Hexagonal-close-packed, hierarchical amorphous TiO2 nanocolumn arrays: transferability, enhanced photocatalytic activity, and superamphiphilicity without UV irradiation. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[128]  L. Hao,et al.  On the role of CO2 laser treatment in the human serum albumin and human plasma fibronectin adsorption on zirconia (MGO-PSZ) bioceramic surface. , 2004, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[129]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(dimethylsiloxane). , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[130]  Y. K. Cheung,et al.  1 Supplementary Information for : Microfluidics-based diagnostics of infectious diseases in the developing world , 2011 .

[131]  Xi Zhang,et al.  Mimicking biological structured surfaces by phase-separation micromolding. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[132]  R. Vilar,et al.  Surface micro/nanostructuring of titanium under stationary and non-stationary femtosecond laser irradiation , 2009 .

[133]  A. Dinia,et al.  Evidence of superparamagnetic co clusters in pulsed laser deposition-grown Zn0.9Co0.1O thin films using atom probe tomography. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[134]  S. Brueck,et al.  Tailoring anisotropic wetting properties on submicrometer-scale periodic grooved surfaces. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[135]  Chunlei Guo,et al.  Femtosecond laser structuring of titanium implants , 2007 .

[136]  L. Hao,et al.  Effects of CO2 laser irradiation on the wettability and human skin fibroblast cell response of magnesia partially stabilised zirconia , 2003 .

[137]  Y. Coffinier,et al.  Culture of mammalian cells on patterned superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic silicon nanowire arrays , 2011 .

[138]  A. Vorobyev,et al.  Making human enamel and dentin surfaces superwetting for enhanced adhesion , 2011 .

[139]  Mengyan Shen,et al.  High-density regular arrays of nanometer-scale rods formed on silicon surfaces via femtosecond laser irradiation in water. , 2008, Nano letters.

[140]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Functional biointerface materials inspired from nature. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[141]  W. Barthlott,et al.  Mimicking natural superhydrophobic surfaces and grasping the wetting process: a review on recent progress in preparing superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2011, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[142]  A. Veld,et al.  Laser-induced nanoscale superhydrophobic structures on metal surfaces. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[143]  Haiying Yang,et al.  Forming mechanisms and wettability of double-scale structures fabricated by femtosecond laser , 2009 .

[144]  Jürgen Koch,et al.  Femtosecond Laser Fabricated Spike Structures for Selective Control of Cellular Behavior , 2010, Journal of biomaterials applications.

[145]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Curvature‐Driven Reversible In Situ Switching Between Pinned and Roll‐Down Superhydrophobic States for Water Droplet Transportation , 2011, Advanced materials.

[146]  Z. K. Wang,et al.  Polymer hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity induced by femtosecond laser direct irradiation , 2009 .

[147]  Qing Yang,et al.  A facile method to fabricate close-packed concave microlens array on cylindrical glass , 2012, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering.

[148]  Z. Ku,et al.  Nanostructures and Functional Materials Fabricated by Interferometric Lithography , 2011, Advanced materials.

[149]  Costas Fotakis,et al.  Photocontrolled variations in the wetting capability of photochromic polymers enhanced by surface nanostructuring. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[150]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Definition of Superhydrophobic States , 2007 .

[151]  Jacques Jonsmann,et al.  Ultralow hysteresis superhydrophobic surfaces by excimer laser modification of SU-8. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[152]  K. Autumn,et al.  Evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[153]  M. K. Dawood,et al.  Mimicking both petal and lotus effects on a single silicon substrate by tuning the wettability of nanostructured surfaces. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[154]  Peter Englezos,et al.  Patterned superhydrophobic metallic surfaces. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[155]  W. Barthlott,et al.  Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces , 1997, Planta.

[156]  Qing Yang,et al.  A simple way to achieve pattern-dependent tunable adhesion in superhydrophobic surfaces by a femtosecond laser. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[157]  R. Osellame,et al.  High-fidelity solvent-resistant replica molding of hydrophobic polymer surfaces produced by femtosecond laser nanofabrication. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[158]  S. I. Rokhlin,et al.  Wettability modification of electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) fibers by femtosecond laser irradiation in different gas atmospheres , 2011 .

[159]  Qing Yang,et al.  Maskless fabrication of concave microlens arrays on silica glasses by a femtosecond-laser-enhanced local wet etching method. , 2010, Optics express.

[160]  Im Deok Jung,et al.  The effect of the surface wettability of nanoprotrusions formed on network-type microstructures , 2008 .

[161]  J. Si,et al.  Mutual wetting transition between isotropic and anisotropic on directional structures fabricated by femotosecond laser , 2011 .

[162]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Facile creation of hierarchical PDMS microstructures with extreme underwater superoleophobicity for anti-oil application in microfluidic channels. , 2011, Lab on a chip.