Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms

A wave deflecting device for use on a sea wall which has an undulating surface of vertically extending ridges and trough-like depressions characterized by a plate being disposed in each of the troughs on a plane extending between a horizontal plane and a vertical plane to block and to deflect an upward flow of water in the trough back to the body of water. Preferably the plate is used with a sea wall which is formed of sheet metal pilings which wall has a cap at the upper edge of the wall and has a filling material such as concrete disposed between the cap and the plates. In one embodiment the plate is provided with edge portions diverging from one end which conform to the diverging side walls of the trough and is provided with lateral portions along the edge portion to extend into the lateral portions of the trough. Another embodiment of the invention provides lateral extending portions at the other end to overlie portions of the adjacent ridges to deflect water that is moving upwardly along the ridges back to the body of water.