An ICRP-based Chinese adult male voxel model and its absorbed dose for idealized photon exposures—the skeleton

A site-specific skeleton voxel model for a Chinese adult male was constructed in this paper upon a previous Chinese individual voxel model. The whole skeleton was divided into 19 site-specific bones and bone groups; the mass of various skeleton tissues at each bone site, e.g. red bone marrow, was specified according to Asian reference data and the distribution data from ICRP Publication 70. The resultant voxel model (called CAM) has a resolution of 1.741 mm x 1.741 mm in plane, and the total bone mass is 8397.8 g which is almost equal to the Asian reference value. Dose coefficients for the red bone marrow and bone surface in CAM were calculated, and then compared with those from Rex, CMP and ICRP 74. It shows that the dose to RBM in Rex is generally 12% lower than that to CAM in low-energy range (30-150 keV) for AP, LAT, ROT and ISO geometries. It is also found that the RBM dose from mathematical models, i.e. CMP and ICRP 74, is underestimated by -30% in AP geometry and overestimated by 30% in PA geometry for low-energy photons. Meanwhile, the bone surface dose in the low-energy range is overestimated by 150% and 75% in CMP and ICRP 74, respectively, if compared with that from CAM.

[1]  J. W. Vieira,et al.  All about FAX: a Female Adult voXel phantom for Monte Carlo calculation in radiation protection dosimetry. , 2003, Physics in medicine and biology.

[2]  W. Gössner.  Target cells in internal dosimetry. , 2003, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[3]  H. G. Menzel,et al.  Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation , 1998 .

[4]  K. Eckerman,et al.  Reference Man Models for Males and Females of Six Age Groups of Asian Populations , 1998 .

[5]  I Kawrakow,et al.  Skeletal dosimetry for external exposure to photons based on µCT images of spongiosa from different bone sites , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[6]  Deanna Hasenauer,et al.  Derivation of site-specific skeletal masses within the current ICRP age series , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[7]  W. Gössner,et al.  Cells at Risk for Dosimetric Modelling Relevant to Bone Tumour Induction , 2000 .

[8]  W E Bolch,et al.  Voxel-based models representing the male and female ICRP reference adult--the skeleton. , 2007, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[9]  I Kawrakow,et al.  Skeletal dosimetry in the MAX06 and the FAX06 phantoms for external exposure to photons based on vertebral 3D-microCT images , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[10]  Liye Liu,et al.  Dose conversion coefficients based on the Chinese mathematical phantom and MCNP code for external photon irradiation. , 2009, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[11]  F. Spiers,et al.  Photoelectron enhancement of the absorbed dose from X rays to human bone marrow: experimental and theoretical studies. , 1985, The British journal of radiology.

[12]  D. J. Brenner.  Conversion Coefficients for Use in Radiological Protection against External Radiation , 1999 .

[13]  J. W. Vieira,et al.  All about FAX: a Female Adult voXel phantom for Monte Carlo calculation in radiation protection dosimetry , 2004, Physics in medicine and biology.

[14]  S M Seltzer,et al.  Calculation of photon mass energy-transfer and mass energy-absorption coefficients. , 1993, Radiation research.

[15]  C. R. Richmond.  ICRP Publication 23 , 1985 .

[16]  Habib Zaidi,et al.  Computational anthropomorphic models of the human anatomy: the path to realistic Monte Carlo modeling in radiological sciences. , 2007, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[17]  N Petoussi-Henss,et al.  Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models , 2002, Physics in medicine and biology.

[18]  N Petoussi-Henss,et al.  Organ dose conversion coefficients for voxel models of the reference male and female from idealized photon exposures , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[19]  Jianping Cheng,et al.  CNMAN: a Chinese adult male voxel phantom constructed from color photographs of a visible anatomical data set. , 2007, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[20]  James A. Scott.  Photon, Electron, Proton and Neutron Interaction Data for Body Tissues ICRU Report 46. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, 1992, $40.00 , 1993 .

[21]  J. W. Vieira,et al.  MAX06 and FAX06: update of two adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[22]  F. Spiers.  TRANSITION-ZONE DOSIMETRY. , 1969 .

[23]  J. Vennart.  Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers: ICRP Publication 30. , 1981, Health physics.

[24]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom. , 1974, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[25]  R. Kramer,et al.  On the Calculation of the Effective Dose Equivalent , 1982 .

[26]  J. W. Vieira,et al.  Skeletal dosimetry in the MAX 06 and the FAX 06 phantoms for external exposure to photons based on vertebral 3 D-microCT images , 2011 .

[27]  K. Eckerman,et al.  Response functions for computing absorbed dose to skeletal tissues from photon irradiation. , 2007, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[28]  R. Recker,et al.  The proportion of trabecular bone in human vertebrae , 1987, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[29]  Wesley E Bolch,et al.  An assessment of bone marrow and bone endosteum dosimetry methods for photon sources , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[30]  K. Eckerman,et al.  Skeletal absorbed fractions for electrons in the adult male: considerations of a revised 50-microm definition of the bone endosteum. , 2007, Radiation protection dosimetry.

[31]  Wesley E Bolch,et al.  Considerations of marrow cellularity in 3-dimensional dosimetric models of the trabecular skeleton. , 2002, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[32]  H. Kawamura,et al.  Introduction to the ICRP Publication 70, “Basic Anatomical and Physiological Data for Use in Radiological Protection: The Skeleton” , 1996 .

[33]  W E Bolch,et al.  S values for radionuclides localized within the skeleton. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.