Search of associative memory.

Describes search of associative memory (SAM), a general theory of retrieval from long-term memory that combines features of associative network models and random search models. It posits cue-dependent probabilistic sampling and recovery from an associative network, but the network is specified as a retrieval structure rather than a storage structure. A quantitative computer simulation of SAM was developed and applied to the part-list cuing paradigm. When free recall of a list of words was cued by a random subset of words from that list, the probability of recalling one of the remaining words was less than if no cues were provided at all. SAM predicted this effect in all its variations by making extensive use of interword associations in retrieval, a process that previous theorizing has dismissed. (55 ref)

[1]  W. Estes.  Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression. , 1955, Psychological review.

[2]  Murdock,et al.  The serial position effect of free recall , 1962 .

[3]  Eugene Galanter,et al.  Handbook of mathematical psychology: I. , 1963 .

[4]  D. Norman,et al.  PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW PRIMARY MEMORY1 , 1965 .

[5]  E. Tulving,et al.  Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words , 1966 .

[6]  N. C. Waugh.  Presentation time and free recall. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[7]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes , 1968, Psychology of Learning and Motivation.

[8]  E. Tulving,et al.  Effectiveness of retrieval cues in memory for words. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[9]  N. J. Slamecka,et al.  An examination of trace storage in free recall. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[10]  N. J. Slamecka,et al.  Testing for associative storage in multitrial free recall. , 1969 .

[11]  G. Wood.  Retrieval cues and the accessibility of higher-order memory units in multitrial free recall , 1969 .

[12]  M. Allen.  Cueing and retrieval in free recall. , 1969 .

[13]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  11 – Models for Free Recall and Recognition1 , 1970 .

[14]  Donald A. Norman,et al.  Models Of Human Memory , 1970 .

[15]  Robert L. Hudson,et al.  Effect of context and category name on the recall of categorized word lists , 1970 .

[16]  A. Smith,et al.  Output interference and organized recall from long-term memory , 1971 .

[17]  Murray Glanzer,et al.  Mnemonic structure in free recall: Differential effects on STS and LTS , 1971 .

[18]  N. J. Slamecka,et al.  The question of associative growth in the learning of categorized material , 1972 .

[19]  William A. Roberts,et al.  Free Recall of Word Lists Varying in Length and Rate of Presentation: A Test of Total-Time Hypotheses. , 1972 .

[20]  John R. Anderson.  Fran: A Simulation Model of Free Recall , 1972 .

[21]  D. Basden.  Cued and uncued free recall of unrelated words following interpolated learning. , 1973 .

[22]  Dewey Rundus,et al.  Negative effects of using list items as recall cues , 1973 .

[23]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  Inhibition in recall from cueing with recall targets , 1973 .

[24]  Intralist cuing following retroactive inhibition of well-learned items , 1973 .

[25]  G. Bower,et al.  Human Associative Memory , 1973 .

[26]  Endel Tulving,et al.  Cue-dependent forgetting. , 1974 .

[27]  R. E. Parker,et al.  Partial category cuing: The accessibility of categories. , 1974 .

[28]  H L Roediger,et al.  Inhibiting effects of recall , 1974, Memory & cognition.

[29]  W. Kintsch,et al.  The representation of meaning in memory , 1974 .

[30]  Donald A. Norman,et al.  Explorations in Cognition , 1975 .

[31]  Michael J. Watkins,et al.  Inhibition in recall with extralist "cues." , 1975 .

[32]  Roger Ratcliff,et al.  Retrieval Processes in Recognition Memory , 1976 .

[33]  R. G. Crowder.  Principles of learning and memory , 1977 .

[34]  John R. Anderson.  Language, Memory, and Thought , 1976 .

[35]  Gregory V. Jones.  A fragmentation hypothesis of memory: Cued recall of pictures and of sequential position. , 1976 .

[36]  M. Watkins,et al.  Cue-overload theory and the method of interpolated attributes , 1976 .

[37]  David R. Basden,et al.  Inhibition with Part-List Cuing: Some Tests of the Item Strength Hypothesis. , 1977 .

[38]  Michael J. Watkins,et al.  Inhibition from Part-Set Cuing: A Cue-Overload Interpretation. , 1977 .

[39]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  Inhibition from part-list cues and rate of recall. , 1977 .

[40]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  Recall as a self-limiting process , 1978 .

[41]  Stephen G. Gilligan,et al.  Emotional Mood as a Context for Learning and Recall. , 1978 .

[42]  Steven M. Smith,et al.  Environmental context and human memory , 1978 .

[43]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  The role of recall time in producing hypermnesia , 1978 .

[44]  Steven M. Smith.  Remembering In and Out of Context , 1979 .

[45]  Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers,et al.  Retrieval from long-term store: a general theory and mathematical models , 1979 .

[46]  R. Duncan Luce,et al.  Individual Choice Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis , 1979 .

[47]  Richard M. Shiffrin,et al.  SAM: A theory of probabilistic search in associative memory. , 1980 .

[48]  James D. Hollan,et al.  The Process of Retrieval from Very Long-Term Memory , 1978, Cogn. Sci..