Endocrine interventions in the ICU.

[1]  J Herlitz,et al.  Effects of insulin treatment on cause-specific one-year mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. DIGAMI Study Group. Diabetes Insulin-Glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction. , 1996, European heart journal.

[2]  A. Aljada,et al.  Insulin Inhibits Intranuclear Nuclear Factor κB and Stimulates IκB in Mononuclear Cells in Obese Subjects: Evidence for an Anti-inflammatory Effect? , 2001 .

[3]  M. Bettendorf,et al.  Tri-iodothyronine treatment in children after cardiac surgery: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study , 2000, The Lancet.

[4]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Neuroendocrinology of prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone secretagogues. , 1998, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[5]  Andrée Tixier-Vidal,et al.  The anterior pituitary , 1975 .

[6]  G. Chrousos,et al.  Prolonged methylprednisolone treatment suppresses systemic inflammation in patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: evidence for inadequate endogenous glucocorticoid secretion and inflammation-induced immune cell resistance to glucocorticoids. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[7]  V. Bacci,et al.  The relationship between serum triiodothyronine and thyrotropin during systemic illness. , 1982, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[8]  M. Cooper,et al.  Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  G. Grunkemeier,et al.  Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2003, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[10]  J. Mead,et al.  Evidence for an inhibitor of extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in sera of patients with nonthyroidal illnesses. , 1985, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[11]  M. Nakazato,et al.  Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach , 1999, Nature.

[12]  S. Homma,et al.  A randomized double-blind study of the effect of triiodothyronine on cardiac function and morbidity after coronary bypass surgery. , 1999, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[13]  F. Momany,et al.  On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone. , 1984, Endocrinology.

[14]  J. Veldhuis,et al.  Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. , 1998, Endocrine reviews.

[15]  M. Matthay,et al.  Hypoxia regulates gene expression of alveolar epithelial transport proteins. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[16]  R. Williams,et al.  Williams Textbook of endocrinology , 1985 .

[17]  E. Fliers,et al.  The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in critical illness. , 2001, Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism.

[18]  H. Bruining,et al.  Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  V. Preedy,et al.  Differential expression of suppressors of cytokine signalling genes in response to nutrition and growth hormone in the septic rat. , 2001, The Journal of endocrinology.

[20]  S. Thomas,et al.  Thyroid hormone treatment after coronary-artery bypass surgery. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  H. Bruining,et al.  Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives etomidate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells. , 1987, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[22]  D. Annane,et al.  A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin. , 2000, JAMA.

[23]  J. Gjedsted,et al.  The roles of insulin and hyperglycemia in sepsis pathogenesis , 2004, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[24]  K. Alberti,et al.  Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). , 1999, Stroke.

[25]  T. Mizushima,et al.  Structural Divergence of Human Ghrelin , 2003, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[26]  I. Robinson,et al.  Growth, growth hormone (GH)-binding protein, and GH receptors are differentially regulated by peak and trough components of the GH secretory pattern in the rat. , 1996, Endocrinology.

[27]  C H Lang,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor impairs insulin action on peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output. , 1992, Endocrinology.

[28]  T. Visser,et al.  Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability. , 2001, Endocrine reviews.

[29]  R. Ross,et al.  The role of insulin, growth hormone and IGF-I as anabolic agents in the critically ill , 2005, Intensive Care Medicine.

[30]  E. Ruokonen,et al.  Dangers of growth hormone therapy in critically ill patients , 2002, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[31]  F. Zegher,et al.  Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness , 1994, Clinical endocrinology.

[32]  S. Lamberts,et al.  The effect of growth hormone administration in growth hormone deficient adults on bone, protein, carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis, as well as on body composition , 1992, Clinical endocrinology.

[33]  Miet Schetz,et al.  Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control* , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[34]  D. Cook,et al.  Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. , 1995, Critical care medicine.

[35]  V. Kyriazopoulou,et al.  Dissociation of the early decline in serum T(3) concentration and serum IL-6 rise and TNFalpha in nonthyroidal illness syndrome induced by abdominal surgery. , 2001, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[36]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy exerts antiinflammatory effects in critically ill patients and counteracts the adverse effect of low mannose-binding lectin levels. , 2003, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[37]  C. Bolton,et al.  Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: neuromuscular manifestations. , 1996, Critical care medicine.

[38]  K. Beatt,et al.  Glucose-insulin-potassium therapy for treatment of acute myocardial infarction: an overview of randomized placebo-controlled trials. , 1997, Circulation.

[39]  Jeffrey B. Boord,et al.  Practical management of diabetes in critically ill patients. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[40]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 during protracted critical illness. , 2002, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[41]  J. Miell,et al.  Critically ill patients have high basal growth hormone levels with attenuated oscillatory activity associated with low levels of insulin–like growth factor‐I , 1991, Clinical endocrinology.

[42]  R. Wolfe,et al.  Effect of exogenous growth hormone on whole-body and isolated-limb protein kinetics in burned patients. , 1991, Archives of surgery.

[43]  K. Butcher,et al.  The influence of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycaemia on stroke incidence and outcome , 2002, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.

[44]  C. Stanley,et al.  Effect of tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation. , 1979, The New England journal of medicine.

[45]  M. Gomes,et al.  Glucose levels observed in daily clinical practice induce endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit macro‐ and microcirculation , 2004, Fundamental & clinical pharmacology.

[46]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone-releasing peptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with protracted critical illness. , 1999, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[47]  K. Malmberg.  Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus , 1997, BMJ.

[48]  P. Beck‐Peccoz,et al.  Reduced Plasma Thyrotropin Response to Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone After Dexamethasone Administration in Normal Subjects , 1973, Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme.

[49]  Patrick R. Griffin,et al.  A Receptor in Pituitary and Hypothalamus That Functions in Growth Hormone Release , 1996, Science.

[50]  B A Mizock,et al.  Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during stress: a review of the literature. , 1995, The American journal of medicine.

[51]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Endocrine and metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) compared with GH-releasing peptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and insulin infusion in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. , 2004, Endocrinology.

[52]  Salmaan Kanji,et al.  Standardization of intravenous insulin therapy improves the efficiency and safety of blood glucose control in critically ill adults , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[53]  D. Gutterman,et al.  Impaired dilation of coronary arterioles during increases in myocardial O(2) consumption with hyperglycemia. , 2000, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[54]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  The somatotrophic axis in critical illness: effects of growth hormone secretagogues. , 1998, Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society.

[55]  J. Cornel,et al.  Impaired glucose metabolism predicts mortality after a myocardial infarction. , 2001, International journal of cardiology.

[56]  J. Ketelslegers,et al.  GH insensitivity induced by endotoxin injection is associated with decreased liver GH receptors. , 1999, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[57]  U. Das.  Is insulin an endogenous cardioprotector? , 2002, Critical care.

[58]  E. Fliers,et al.  Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness. , 1997, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[59]  J. Wernerman,et al.  Measurement of human growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based assay: demonstration of reduced expression after elective surgery. , 1997, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[60]  F. Leijten,et al.  Critical illness polyneuropathy in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and weaning from the ventilator , 1996, Intensive Care Medicine.

[61]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  A paradoxical gender dissociation within the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis during protracted critical illness. , 2000, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[62]  A. Aljada,et al.  Insulin as an anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic hormone. , 2003, Clinical cornerstone.

[63]  E. Kaptein,et al.  Thyroxine metabolism in the low thyroxine state of critical nonthyroidal illnesses. , 1981, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[64]  P. Rösen,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in the diabetic heart. , 2001, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[65]  A. Marette.  Mediators of cytokine-induced insulin resistance in obesity and other inflammatory settings , 2002, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[66]  O. Kirton,et al.  Adrenal insufficiency in the surgical intensive care unit patient. , 1997, The Journal of trauma.

[67]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  The combined administration of GH‐releasing peptide‐2 (GHRP‐2), TRH and GnRH to men with prolonged critical illness evokes superior endocrine and metabolic effects compared to treatment with GHRP‐2 alone , 2002, Clinical endocrinology.

[68]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Metabolic, endocrine, and immune effects of stress hyperglycemia in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. , 2003, Endocrinology.

[69]  W. Mccumbee,et al.  Regulation of glucose transport by angiotensin II and glucose in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells , 1998, Journal of cellular physiology.

[70]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Tight control of glycaemia in critically ill patients , 2002, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[71]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  The somatotropic axis in critical illness: effect of continuous growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-2 infusion. , 1997, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[72]  A. Beishuizen,et al.  The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to critical illness. , 2001, Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism.

[73]  J. Tayek,et al.  Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis in humans: its role in the metabolic syndrome. , 2001, Clinical science.

[74]  M. Kaplan,et al.  Reduced tissue thyroid hormone levels in fatal illness. , 1993, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[75]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Reduced activation and increased inactivation of thyroid hormone in tissues of critically ill patients. , 2003, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[76]  P. Larsen,et al.  Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. , 2002, Endocrine reviews.

[77]  I. Vermes,et al.  Dissociation of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels in critically ill patients: possible role of endothelin and atrial natriuretic hormone. , 1995, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[78]  M. Burt,et al.  Growth hormone, alone and in combination with insulin, increases whole body and skeletal muscle protein kinetics in cancer patients after surgery. , 1999, Annals of surgery.

[79]  A. Mason,et al.  Alterations of mental status and thyroid hormones after thermal injury. , 1985, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[80]  A. Grossman,et al.  The Effects of Anti-Convulsant Drugs on Adrenal Function , 1998, Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme.

[81]  D. Chinkes,et al.  Association of hyperglycemia with increased mortality after severe burn injury. , 2001, The Journal of trauma.

[82]  Timothy W. Evans,et al.  Glucose Control and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients , 2003 .

[83]  M Schetz,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[84]  J. Schlienger,et al.  [Evaluation of thyroid function after myocardial infarction]. , 1991, Annales d'endocrinologie.

[85]  J. H. Shaw,et al.  Anabolic and cardiovascular effects of recombinant human growth hormone in surgical patients with sepsis , 1996, The British journal of surgery.

[86]  M. Gomes,et al.  Effects of high glucose concentrations on the endothelial function of the renal microcirculation of rabbits. , 2003, Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.

[87]  G. Brent,et al.  Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration. , 1986, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[88]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Regulation of the somatotropic axis by intensive insulin therapy during protracted critical illness. , 2004, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[89]  J. Briegel,et al.  Immunomodulation in septic shock: hydrocortisone differentially regulates cytokine responses. , 2001, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[90]  S. Lamberts,et al.  The new aromatase inhibitor CGS-16949A suppresses aldosterone and cortisol production by human adrenal cells in vitro. , 1989, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[91]  A. Mason,et al.  Hypermetabolic low triiodothyronine syndrome of burn injury , 1982, Critical care medicine.

[92]  I. Chaudry,et al.  Adrenal insufficiency during the late stage of polymicrobial sepsis. , 2001 .

[93]  G. V. Berghe,et al.  Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness , 2000 .

[94]  D. Annane,et al.  Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patients with and without impaired adrenal function reserve. , 1998, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[95]  Dieter Mesotten,et al.  Contribution of circulating lipids to the improved outcome of critical illness by glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy. , 2004, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[96]  E. Kaptein,et al.  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHANGES IN SERUM THYROID HORMONE LEVELS AND PROTEIN STATUS DURING PROLONGED PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTED CALORIC DEPRIVATION , 1985, Clinical endocrinology.

[97]  Y. Mao,et al.  Sustained endotoxemia leads to marked down-regulation of early steps in the insulin-signaling cascade , 2001, Critical care medicine.

[98]  Marco Novelli,et al.  Mitochondrial dysfunction in a long-term rodent model of sepsis and organ failure. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.

[99]  P. Essén,et al.  Protein-sparing effect in skeletal muscle of growth hormone treatment in critically ill patients. , 2000, Annals of surgery.

[100]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Pituitary responsiveness to GH‐releasing hormone, GH‐releasing peptide‐2 and thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone in critical illness , 1996, Clinical endocrinology.

[101]  N R Webster,et al.  Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[102]  L. J. Groot,et al.  Dangerous Dogmas in Medicine: The Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome , 1999 .

[103]  L. Broemeling,et al.  Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on donor-site healing in severely burned children. , 1990, Annals of surgery.

[104]  M. Haller,et al.  Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[105]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Optimal control of glycemia among critically ill patients. , 2004, JAMA.

[106]  M. Lange,et al.  Insulinlike growth factor 1 production is inhibited in human sepsis. , 1988, Archives of surgery.

[107]  D. Granner,et al.  Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. , 1992, Annual review of physiology.

[108]  R. Lefering,et al.  Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis. , 1995, Critical care medicine.

[109]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Clinical review 95: Acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms. , 1998, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[110]  M. Lamy,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans. , 1989, Critical care medicine.

[111]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness: dynamics of spontaneous secretion and effects of growth hormone‐secretagogues , 1997, Clinical endocrinology.

[112]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters. , 1995, Critical care medicine.

[113]  R. Little,et al.  Insulin resistance and substrate utilization in human endotoxemia. , 2000, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[114]  T. Wilckens,et al.  Glucocorticoids and immune function: unknown dimensions and new frontiers. , 1997, Immunology today.