Overview of scorpion toxins specific for Na+ channels and related peptides: biodiversity, structure-function relationships and evolution.

[1]  Yong-hua Ji,et al.  Molecular mechanism of scorpion neurotoxins acting on sodium channels , 2004, Molecular Neurobiology.

[2]  K. Blumenthal,et al.  Voltage-gated sodium channel toxins , 2007, Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics.

[3]  E. Wanke,et al.  Proteomic analysis of the venom and characterization of toxins specific for Na+ - and K+ -channels from the Colombian scorpion Tityus pachyurus. , 2006, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[4]  S. Cestèle,et al.  β‐Scorpion toxin effects suggest electrostatic interactions in domain II of voltage‐dependent sodium channels , 2005, The Journal of physiology.

[5]  Tin Wee Tan,et al.  Accurate prediction of scorpion toxin functional properties from primary structures. , 2005, Journal of molecular graphics & modelling.

[6]  S. Heinemann,et al.  Molecular interaction of δ‐conotoxins with voltage‐gated sodium channels , 2005 .

[7]  D. Gordon,et al.  Genetic polymorphism and expression of a highly potent scorpion depressant toxin enable refinement of the effects on insect Na channels and illuminate the key role of Asn-58. , 2005, Biochemistry.

[8]  M. Delepierre,et al.  A new type of scorpion Na+-channel-toxin-like polypeptide active on K+ channels. , 2005, The Biochemical journal.

[9]  H. Vacher,et al.  Expression of the standard scorpion alpha-toxin AaH II and AaH II mutants leading to the identification of some key bioactive elements. , 2005, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[10]  Pharmacological comparison of two different insect models using the scorpion alpha-like toxin BmK M1 from Buthus martensii Karsch. , 2005, Protein and peptide letters.

[11]  S. Carroll,et al.  More genes or more taxa? The relative contribution of gene number and taxon number to phylogenetic accuracy. , 2005, Molecular biology and evolution.

[12]  Su Hwan Kim,et al.  Solution structure and lipid membrane partitioning of VSTx1, an inhibitor of the KvAP potassium channel. , 2005, Biochemistry.

[13]  Tao Xu,et al.  BmP09, a “Long Chain” Scorpion Peptide Blocker of BK Channels* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  L. Possani,et al.  Anuroctoxin, a New Scorpion Toxin of the α-KTx 6 Subfamily, Is Highly Selective for Kv1.3 over IKCa1 Ion Channels of Human T Lymphocytes , 2005, Molecular Pharmacology.

[15]  J. Tytgat,et al.  Molecular basis of the mammalian potency of the scorpion α‐like toxin, BmK M1 , 2005 .

[16]  K. Blumenthal,et al.  Differential Phospholipid Binding by Site 3 and Site 4 Toxins , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  J. Tytgat,et al.  The depressant scorpion neurotoxin LqqIT2 selectively modulates the insect voltage-gated sodium channel. , 2005, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[18]  Amos Bairoch,et al.  Tox-Prot, the toxin protein annotation program of the Swiss-Prot protein knowledgebase. , 2005, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[19]  L. Possani,et al.  The Brazilian scorpion Tityus costatus Karsch: genes, peptides and function. , 2005, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[20]  B. Fry From genome to "venome": molecular origin and evolution of the snake venom proteome inferred from phylogenetic analysis of toxin sequences and related body proteins. , 2005, Genome research.

[21]  M. Benveniste,et al.  Common Features in the Functional Surface of Scorpion β-Toxins and Elements That Confer Specificity for Insect and Mammalian Voltage-gated Sodium Channels* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[22]  E. Villegas,et al.  A Spider Toxin That Induces a Typical Effect of Scorpion α-Toxins but Competes with β-Toxins on Binding to Insect Sodium Channels† , 2005 .

[23]  R. Vega A Note on the Evolution of Spider Toxins Containing the Ick-Motif , 2005 .

[24]  H. Rochat,et al.  Classification of scorpion toxins according to amino acid composition and sequence , 2005, Journal of Molecular Evolution.

[25]  O. Froy,et al.  Arthropod defensins illuminate the divergence of scorpion neurotoxins , 2004, Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society.

[26]  J. Tytgat,et al.  Phaiodotoxin, a novel structural class of insect-toxin isolated from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Anuroctonus phaiodactylus. , 2004, European journal of biochemistry.

[27]  R. MacKinnon,et al.  Localization of the voltage-sensor toxin receptor on KvAP. , 2004, Biochemistry.

[28]  Oren Froy,et al.  Molecular Basis of the High Insecticidal Potency of Scorpion α-Toxins* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[29]  R. MacKinnon,et al.  A membrane-access mechanism of ion channel inhibition by voltage sensor toxins from spider venom , 2004, Nature.

[30]  F. Sachs,et al.  Bilayer-dependent inhibition of mechanosensitive channels by neuroactive peptide enantiomers , 2004, Nature.

[31]  X. Xiao,et al.  Purification and characterization of a new peptide with analgesic effect from the scorpion Buthus martensi Karch. , 2004, The journal of peptide research : official journal of the American Peptide Society.

[32]  E. Wanke,et al.  NMR solution structure of Cn12, a novel peptide from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius with a typical β-toxin sequence but with α-like physiological activity , 2004 .

[33]  S. Heinemann,et al.  Isolation, molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel beta-toxin from the Venezuelan scorpion, Tityus zulianus. , 2004, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[34]  W. Wüster,et al.  Assembling an arsenal: origin and evolution of the snake venom proteome inferred from phylogenetic analysis of toxin sequences. , 2004, Molecular biology and evolution.

[35]  E. Wanke,et al.  Proteomics of the venom from the Amazonian scorpion Tityus cambridgei and the role of prolines on mass spectrometry analysis of toxins. , 2004, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[36]  G. Nicolás,et al.  Conversion of a scorpion toxin agonist into an antagonist highlights an acidic residue involved in voltage sensor trapping during activation of neuronal Na+ channels , 2004 .

[37]  Michel De Waard,et al.  Diversity of folds in animal toxins acting on ion channels. , 2004, The Biochemical journal.

[38]  S. Heinemann,et al.  Combinatorial interaction of scorpion toxins Lqh-2, Lqh-3, and LqhalphaIT with sodium channel receptor sites-3. , 2004, Molecular pharmacology.

[39]  O. Froy,et al.  Dissection of the Functional Surface of an Anti-insect Excitatory Toxin Illuminates a Putative “Hot Spot” Common to All Scorpion β-Toxins Affecting Na+ Channels* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[40]  H. Karoui,et al.  Molecular cloning and functional expression of the alpha-scorpion toxin BotIII: pivotal role of the C-terminal region for its interaction with voltage-dependent sodium channels , 2004, Peptides.

[41]  Kimmen Sjölander,et al.  Phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function: advances and challenges , 2004, Bioinform..

[42]  M. Lazdunski,et al.  Classification of Na channel receptors specific for various scorpion toxins , 1983, Pflügers Archiv.

[43]  H. Meves,et al.  Effect of toxins isolated from the venom of the scorpionCentruroides sculpturatus on the Na currents of the node of ranvier , 1982, Pflügers Archiv.

[44]  Shunyi Zhu,et al.  Adaptive Evolution of Scorpion Sodium Channel Toxins , 2004, Journal of Molecular Evolution.

[45]  O. Froy,et al.  New insight on scorpion divergence inferred from comparative analysis of toxin structure, pharmacology and distribution. , 2003, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[46]  John P. Huelsenbeck,et al.  MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models , 2003, Bioinform..

[47]  J. Wiens,et al.  Missing data, incomplete taxa, and phylogenetic accuracy. , 2003, Systematic biology.

[48]  Jan Tytgat,et al.  Importance of the conserved aromatic residues in the scorpion alpha-like toxin BmK M1: the hydrophobic surface region revisited. , 2003, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[49]  M. Benveniste,et al.  An 'Old World' scorpion beta-toxin that recognizes both insect and mammalian sodium channels. , 2003, European journal of biochemistry.

[50]  L. Possani,et al.  Primary structure and electrophysiological characterization of two almost identical isoforms of toxin from Isometrus vittatus (family: Buthidae) scorpion venom. , 2003, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[51]  C. Chi,et al.  Exploration of the functional site of a scorpion alpha-like toxin by site-directed mutagenesis. , 2003, Biochemistry.

[52]  K. Dyason,et al.  Two new scorpion toxins that target voltage-gated Ca2+ and Na+ channels. , 2002, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[53]  A. Ishida,et al.  A single charged surface residue modifies the activity of ikitoxin, a beta-type Na+ channel toxin from Parabuthus transvaalicus. , 2002, European journal of biochemistry.

[54]  Jan Tytgat,et al.  An overview of toxins and genes from the venom of the Asian scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch. , 2002, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[55]  S. Heinemann,et al.  Differential sensitivity of sodium channels from the central and peripheral nervous system to the scorpion toxins Lqh‐2 and Lqh‐3 , 2002, The European journal of neuroscience.

[56]  Derrick J. Zwickl,et al.  Increased taxon sampling is advantageous for phylogenetic inference. , 2002, Systematic biology.

[57]  Derrick J. Zwickl,et al.  Increased taxon sampling greatly reduces phylogenetic error. , 2002, Systematic biology.

[58]  D. Gordon,et al.  Domain 2 of Drosophila Para Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Confers Insect Properties to a Rat Brain Channel , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[59]  K. Dyason,et al.  Determination of species-specific components in the venom of Parabuthus scorpions from southern Africa using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2002, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[60]  H. Aréchigá,et al.  Cn11, the first example of a scorpion toxin that is a true blocker of Na(+) currents in crayfish neurons. , 2002, The Journal of experimental biology.

[61]  I. Mintz,et al.  Kurtoxin, A Gating Modifier of Neuronal High- and Low-Threshold Ca Channels , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[62]  Seng Hong Seah,et al.  SCORPION, a molecular database of scorpion toxins. , 2002, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[63]  R. Stöcklin,et al.  Moving pieces in a proteomic puzzle: mass fingerprinting of toxic fractions from the venom of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). , 2001, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[64]  W. Catterall,et al.  Neutralization of Gating Charges in Domain II of the Sodium Channel α Subunit Enhances Voltage-Sensor Trapping by a β-Scorpion Toxin , 2001, The Journal of general physiology.

[65]  John P. Huelsenbeck,et al.  MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees , 2001, Bioinform..

[66]  O. McManus,et al.  Potassium channels: from scorpion venoms to high-resolution structure. , 2001, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[67]  S. Heinemann,et al.  Interaction of Scorpion α-Toxins with Cardiac Sodium Channels , 2001, The Journal of General Physiology.

[68]  P. Hussey,et al.  TOXIN EVOLUTION IN SCORPION VENOM: EVIDENCE FOR TOXIN DIVERGENCE UNDER STRONG NEGATIVE SELECTION IN LEIURUS QUINQUESTRIATUS SUBSPECIES , 2001 .

[69]  J. Huelsenbeck,et al.  MRBAYES : Bayesian inference of phylogeny , 2001 .

[70]  A. L. Goldin,et al.  Resurgence of sodium channel research. , 2001, Annual review of physiology.

[71]  M. Stankiewicz,et al.  Sequence and electrophysiological characterization of two insect‐selective excitatory toxins from the venom of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi , 2000, FEBS letters.

[72]  W. Catterall,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin action on voltage-gated sodium channels. , 2000, Biochimie.

[73]  M. Corona,et al.  Peptides and genes coding for scorpion toxins that affect ion-channels. , 2000, Biochimie.

[74]  Chen Li,et al.  Purification, cDNA cloning and function assessment of BmK abT, a unique component from the Old World scorpion species , 2000, FEBS letters.

[75]  S. Heinemann,et al.  Scorpion α and α‐like toxins differentially interact with sodium channels in mammalian CNS and periphery , 2000 .

[76]  R. DeSalle,et al.  Gene family evolution and homology: genomics meets phylogenetics. , 2000, Annual review of genomics and human genetics.

[77]  C. Chi,et al.  Expression and purification of the BmK M1 neurotoxin from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. , 1999, Protein expression and purification.

[78]  M. Delepierre,et al.  Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels. , 1999, European journal of biochemistry.

[79]  S. Marangoni,et al.  Crystal structure of neurotoxin Ts1 from Tityus serrulatus provides insights into the specificity and toxicity of scorpion toxins. , 1999, Journal of molecular biology.

[80]  O. Froy,et al.  Dynamic Diversification from a Putative Common Ancestor of Scorpion Toxins Affecting Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride Channels , 1999, Journal of Molecular Evolution.

[81]  H. Rochat,et al.  Scorpion α‐like toxins, toxic to both mammals and insects, differentially interact with receptor site 3 on voltage‐gated sodium channels in mammals and insects , 1999, The European journal of neuroscience.

[82]  Oren Froy,et al.  The Putative Bioactive Surface of Insect-selective Scorpion Excitatory Neurotoxins* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[83]  H. Rochat,et al.  Role of lysine and tryptophan residues in the biological activity of toxin VII (Ts gamma) from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus. , 1999, European journal of biochemistry.

[84]  Alan R. Fersht,et al.  Oxidative refolding chromatography: folding of the scorpion toxin Cn5 , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[85]  K. Swartz,et al.  Inhibition of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels by a new scorpion toxin , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[86]  D. Gordon,et al.  δ‐Atracotoxins from Australian funnel‐web spiders compete with scorpion α‐toxin binding on both rat brain and insect sodium channels , 1998 .

[87]  W. Catterall,et al.  Voltage Sensor–Trapping Enhanced Activation of Sodium Channels by β-Scorpion Toxin Bound to the S3–S4 Loop in Domain II , 1998, Neuron.

[88]  H. Drobecq,et al.  New toxins acting on sodium channels from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus suggest a clue to mammalian vs insect selectivity. , 1998, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[89]  S. Zinn-Justin,et al.  Functional Anatomy of Scorpion Toxins Affecting Sodium Channels , 1998 .

[90]  M. Gurevitz,et al.  Refined electrophysiological analysis suggests that a depressant toxin is a sodium channel opener rather than a blocker. , 1997, Life sciences.

[91]  D. Arad,et al.  Identification of Structural Elements of a Scorpion α-Neurotoxin Important for Receptor Site Recognition* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[92]  D. Gordon,et al.  In vitro folding and functional analysis of an anti-insect selective scorpion depressant neurotoxin produced in Escherichia coli. , 1997, Protein expression and purification.

[93]  W. Catterall,et al.  Molecular Determinants of High Affinity Binding of α-Scorpion Toxin and Sea Anemone Toxin in the S3-S4 Extracellular Loop in Domain IV of the Na+ Channel α Subunit* , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[94]  E. Carlier,et al.  Scorpion Toxins Affecting Sodium Current Inactivation Bind to Distinct Homologous Receptor Sites on Rat Brain and Insect Sodium Channels (*) , 1996, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[95]  M. Billeter,et al.  MOLMOL: a program for display and analysis of macromolecular structures. , 1996, Journal of molecular graphics.

[96]  B. Svensson,et al.  Production of active, insect-specific scorpion neurotoxin in yeast. , 1994, European journal of biochemistry.

[97]  W. Catterall,et al.  Localization of receptor sites for insect-selective toxins on sodium channels by site-directed antibodies. , 1992, Biochemistry.

[98]  C. Granier,et al.  An anti-insect toxin purified from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector also acts on the alpha- and beta-sites of the mammalian sodium channel: sequence and circular dichroism study. , 1991, Biochemistry.

[99]  Wen-Hsiung Li,et al.  Fundamentals of molecular evolution , 1990 .

[100]  C. Granier,et al.  Neurotoxins active on insects: amino acid sequences, chemical modifications, and secondary structure estimation by circular dichroism of toxins from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. , 1990, Biochemistry.

[101]  W. Catterall,et al.  Localization of the receptor site for alpha-scorpion toxins by antibody mapping: implications for sodium channel topology. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[102]  C. Granier,et al.  Structure/activity relationships of scorpion alpha-toxins. Multiple residues contribute to the interaction with receptors. , 1989, European journal of biochemistry.

[103]  W. Catterall,et al.  Site of covalent attachment of alpha-scorpion toxin derivatives in domain I of the sodium channel alpha subunit. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[104]  J. Fontecilla-Camps,et al.  Orthorhombic crystals and three-dimensional structure of the potent toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[105]  A. Brown,et al.  Effects of New World scorpion toxins on single-channel and whole cell cardiac sodium currents. , 1988, The American journal of physiology.

[106]  H. Rochat,et al.  Amino acid sequence of toxin XI of the scorpion Buthus occitanus tunetanus. Evidence of a mutation having an important effect upon neurotoxic activity. , 2009, International journal of peptide and protein research.

[107]  H. Meves,et al.  Interactions of Scorpion Toxins with the Sodium Channel , 1986, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[108]  D. Kadouri,et al.  An excitatory and a depressant insect toxin from scorpion venom both affect sodium conductance and possess a common binding site. , 1985, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[109]  L. Possani,et al.  Selective modification of the squid axon Na currents by Centruroides noxius toxin II-10. , 1984, Journal de physiologie.

[110]  M. Lazdunski,et al.  Electrophysiological characterization, solubilization and purification of the Tityus gamma toxin receptor associated with the gating component of the Na+ channel from rat brain. , 1983, The EMBO journal.

[111]  H. Rochat,et al.  Immunochemistry of scorpion α-toxins: Antigenic homologies checked with radioimmunoassays (RIA) , 1983 .

[112]  M. Lazdunski,et al.  Tityus serrulatus venom contains two classes of toxins. Tityus gamma toxin is a new tool with a very high affinity for studying the Na+ channel. , 1982, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[113]  G. Strichartz,et al.  Simultaneous modifications of sodium channel gating by two scorpion toxins. , 1982, Biophysical journal.

[114]  M. Lazdunski,et al.  Centruroides toxin, a selective blocker of surface Na+ channels in skeletal muscle: voltage-clamp analysis and biochemical characterization of the receptor. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[115]  E. Zlotkin,et al.  Actions of insect toxin and other toxins derived from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis on isolated giant axons of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). , 1982, The Journal of experimental biology.

[116]  H. Rochat,et al.  Two types of scorpion receptor sites, one related to the activation, the other to the inactivation of the action potential sodium channel. , 1982, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[117]  C. Bugg,et al.  The three-dimensional structure of scorpion neurotoxins. , 1982, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[118]  H. Rochat,et al.  Two types of scorpion neurotoxins characterized by their binding to two separate receptor sites on rat brain synaptosomes. , 1980, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[119]  E. Grishin,et al.  Potential-dependent interaction of toxin from venom of the scorpion Buthus eupeus with sodium channels in myelinated fibre: voltage clamp experiments. , 1980, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[120]  W. Catterall,et al.  Binding of scorpion toxin to receptor sites associated with sodium channels in frog muscle. Correlation of voltage-dependent binding with activation , 1979, The Journal of general physiology.

[121]  W. Catterall,et al.  Sea anemone toxin and scorpion toxin share a common receptor site associated with the action potential sodium ionophore. , 1978, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[122]  H. Rochat,et al.  Binding of scorpion and sea anemone neurotoxins to a common site related to the action potential Na+ ionophore in neuroblastoma cells. , 1978, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[123]  F. Sampieri,et al.  Structure-function relationships in scorpion neurotoxins. Identification of the supperreactive lysine residue in toxin I of Androctonus australis Hector. , 1978, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[124]  F. Couraud,et al.  Effects of a scorpion toxin from Androctonus australis venom on action potential of neuroblastoma cells in culture. , 1977, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[125]  W. Catterall Purification of a toxic protein from scorpion venom which activates the action potential Na+ ionophore. , 1976, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[126]  F. Sampieri,et al.  Structure-function relationships of scorpion neurotoxins. , 1976, Biochemistry.

[127]  M. Lazdunski,et al.  Scorpion neurotoxin - a presynaptic toxin which affects both Na+ and K+ channels in axons. , 1975, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[128]  C. Rochat,et al.  Purification of animal neurotoxins. Isolation and characterization of eleven neurotoxins from the venoms of the scorpions Androctonus australis hector, Buthus occitanus tunetanus and Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus. , 1970, European journal of biochemistry.

[129]  G. Mv,et al.  Separation of toxic components from the brazillian scorpion Tityus serrulatus venom. , 1966 .