ToF-SIMS quantification of bromine based insecticide in mosquito netting

Insecticides are used to combat diseases such as malaria by incorporation in or topical application on mosquito netting. Determination of the insecticide available on the surface of the treated material has been difficult to achieve. A recent study of the chlorine based insecticide permethrin in mosquito netting has shown that time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was able to detect and, with the development of ion implanted standards, to quantify permethrin on the fiber surface and subsurface. The ion implantation method has been used extensively for SIMS quantification. A similar approach to analysis and quantification has now been achieved for the brominated insecticide deltamethrin, which is used at significantly lower concentrations than permethrin. ToF-SIMS analysis of deltamethrin indicated a dominant bromine ion in the negative ion mass spectrum. 79Br was implanted into high density polyethylene (HDPE), which is the netting material, into acetone washed netting fibers, and into...