Artistic rendering of mountainous terrain

Panorama maps are aerial view paintings that depict complex, three-dimensional landscapes in a pleasing and understandable way. Painters and cartographers have developed techniques to create such artistic landscapes for centuries, but the process remains difficult and time-consuming. In this work, we derive principles and heuristics for panorama map creation of mountainous terrain from a perceptual and artistic analysis of two panorama maps of Yellowstone National Park. We then present methods to automatically produce landscape renderings in the visual style of the panorama map. Our algorithms rely on United States Geological Survey (USGS) terrain and classification data. Our surface textures are generated using perceptual metrics and artistic considerations, and use the structural information present in the terrain to guide the automatic placement of image space strokes for natural surfaces such as forests, cliffs, snow, and water.

[1]  Kent A. Stevens,et al.  The Visual Interpretation of Surface Contours , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[2]  Lin Chuan-cha,et al.  Drawing on landscape , 2008 .

[3]  Szymon Rusinkiewicz,et al.  Exaggerated shading for depicting shape and detail , 2006, ACM Trans. Graph..

[4]  R. Rozenholtz,et al.  Computing local surface orientation and shape from texture , 1997 .

[5]  Mahes Visvalingam,et al.  Algorithms for sketching surfaces , 1998, Comput. Graph..

[6]  R. Hetherington.  The Perception of the Visual World , 1952 .

[7]  Aaron Hertzmann,et al.  Illustrating smooth surfaces , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[8]  Jonas Gårding.  Shape from Texture and Contour by Weak Isotropy , 1993, Artif. Intell..

[9]  Michael J. Swain,et al.  Shape from Texture , 1985, IJCAI.

[10]  Elaine Cohen,et al.  A non-photorealistic lighting model for automatic technical illustration , 1998, SIGGRAPH.

[11]  Aaron Hertzmann,et al.  Painterly rendering with curved brush strokes of multiple sizes , 1998, SIGGRAPH.

[12]  A. U.S.,et al.  Recovering Surface Shape and Orientation from Texture , 2002 .

[13]  S. Gilman,et al.  The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci , 1978, Medical History.

[14]  J. Gibson.  The perception of the visual world , 1951 .

[15]  Chip Sullivan.  Drawing the Landscape , 1994 .

[16]  Mahes Visvalingam,et al.  Towards sketch-based exploration of terrain , 2002, Comput. Graph..

[17]  John Hart,et al.  ACM Transactions on Graphics , 2004, SIGGRAPH 2004.

[18]  Gershon Elber,et al.  Line Art Illustrations of Parametric and Implicit Forms , 1998, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[19]  Szymon Rusinkiewicz,et al.  Exaggerated shading for depicting shape and detail , 2006, SIGGRAPH 2006.

[20]  Kent A. Stevens,et al.  Surface perception from local analysis of texture and contour , 1980 .

[21]  Brian Cabral,et al.  Imaging vector fields using line integral convolution , 1993, SIGGRAPH.

[22]  J. Aloimonos.  Shape from texture , 1988, Biological cybernetics.

[23]  Tom Patterson,et al.  A View From On High: Heinrich Berann’s Panoramas and Landscape Visualization Techniques for the U.S. National Park Service , 2000 .

[24]  David Salesin,et al.  Orientable textures for image-based pen-and-ink illustration , 1997, SIGGRAPH.

[25]  Douglas DeCarlo,et al.  Stylization and abstraction of photographs , 2002, ACM Trans. Graph..

[26]  Jeffrey A Saunders,et al.  The Effect of Texture Relief on Perception of Slant from Texture , 2003, Perception.

[27]  S. Palmer.  Vision Science : Photons to Phenomenology , 1999 .

[28]  Berthold K. P. Horn,et al.  Hill shading and the reflectance map , 1981, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[29]  Jitendra Malik,et al.  On perpendicular texture or: Why do we see more flowers in the distance? , 1997, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[30]  D C Knill,et al.  Perception of surface contours and surface shape: from computation to psychophysics. , 1992, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[31]  Siu Chi Hsu,et al.  Skeletal strokes , 1993, UIST '93.

[32]  Jitendra Malik,et al.  Computing Local Surface Orientation and Shape from Texture for Curved Surfaces , 1997, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[33]  Simon Premože.  Computer Generation of Panorama Maps , .

[34]  L. Vinci.  The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. , 1952 .

[35]  Victoria Interrante,et al.  Illustrating surface shape in volume data via principal direction-driven 3D line integral convolution , 1997, SIGGRAPH.

[36]  Oliver Deussen,et al.  An illustration technique using hardware-based intersections and skeletons , 1999 .

[37]  J. Koenderink,et al.  The Structure of Relief , 1998 .

[38]  Mahes Visvalingam,et al.  Formulated silhouettes for sketching terrain , 2003, Proceedings of Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics, 2003..

[39]  Tom Patterson.  Looking Closer: A Guide to Making Bird’s-eye Views of National Park Service Cultural and Historical Sites , 2005 .

[40]  Andrew P. Witkin,et al.  Recovering Surface Shape and Orientation from Texture , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[41]  Dawn Youngblood,et al.  Cartographic Relief Presentation , 2010 .

[42]  Jitendra Malik,et al.  Surface orientation from texture: Isotropy or homogeneity (or both)? , 1997, Vision Research.

[43]  Erik Reinhard,et al.  Color Transfer between Images , 2001, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[44]  Takafumi Saito,et al.  Comprehensible rendering of 3-D shapes , 1990, SIGGRAPH.

[45]  Kevin Buchin,et al.  Illustrating Terrains using Direction of Slope and Lighting , 2007 .

[46]  Refractor.  Vision , 2000, The Lancet.