A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide magnetic colloids modified with polysaccharides.

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) alone are suitable for a broad spectrum of applications, but the low stability and heterogeneous size distribution in aqueous medium represent major setbacks. These setbacks can however be reduced or diminished through the coating of MNPs with various polymers, especially biopolymers such as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are biocompatible, non-toxic and renewable; in addition, they possess chemical groups that permit further functionalization of the MNPs. Multifunctional entities can be created through decoration with specific molecules e.g. proteins, peptides, drugs, antibodies, biomimetic ligands, transfection agents, cells, and other ligands. This development opens a whole range of applications for iron oxide nanoparticles. In this review the properties of magnetic structures composed of MNPs and several polysaccharides (Agarose, Alginate, Carrageenan, Chitosan, Dextran, Heparin, Gum Arabic, Pullulan and Starch) will be discussed, in view of their recent and future biomedical and biotechnological applications.

[1]  O. Thomas,et al.  Superparamagnetic adsorbents for high‐gradient magnetic fishing of lectins out of legume extracts , 2004, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[2]  K. Shingel.  Current knowledge on biosynthesis, biological activity, and chemical modification of the exopolysaccharide, pullulan. , 2004, Carbohydrate research.

[3]  A. J. Guiomar,et al.  Biofunctionalized magnetic hydrogel nanospheres of magnetite and κ-carrageenan , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[4]  Sabino Veintemillas-Verdaguer,et al.  The influence of surface functionalization on the enhanced internalization of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer cells , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[5]  K. Landfester,et al.  The effect of carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis in human macrophages. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[6]  Christian Bergemann,et al.  Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[7]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Starch-Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles as MR Contrast Agents , 2003 .

[8]  C. Kaittanis,et al.  Rapid Nanoparticle-Mediated Monitoring of Bacterial Metabolic Activity and Assessment of Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Blood with Magnetic Relaxation , 2008, PloS one.

[9]  D. Goia,et al.  Silver nanoparticles for printable electronics and biological applications , 2009 .

[10]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Nanoparticle-Based Bio-Bar Codes for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Proteins , 2003, Science.

[11]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Gum Arabic-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Potential Application in Simultaneous Magnetic Targeting and Tumor Imaging , 2009, The AAPS Journal.

[12]  T. Leathers.  Biotechnological production and applications of pullulan , 2003, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[13]  S. Doak,et al.  NanoGenotoxicology: the DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[14]  Ninglin Zhou,et al.  Biopolymer-modified graphite oxide nanocomposite films based on benzalkonium chloride–heparin intercalated in graphite oxide , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[15]  Y. Tabata,et al.  Design of iron oxide nanoparticles with different sizes and surface charges for simple and efficient labeling of mesenchymal stem cells. , 2010, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[16]  M. Ozkan,et al.  A surface-charge study on cellular-uptake behavior of F3-peptide-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2009, Small.

[17]  Robert J Linhardt,et al.  Heparin-based nanoparticles. , 2010, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

[18]  B. Nowack,et al.  Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[19]  A. Roque,et al.  Biocompatible and bioactive gum Arabic coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. , 2009, Journal of biotechnology.

[20]  David S. Jones.  The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2006 , 2007 .

[21]  Hana Macková,et al.  Preparation and properties of magnetic nano- and microsized particles for biological and environmental separations. , 2007, Journal of separation science.

[22]  Ajay Kumar Gupta,et al.  Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[23]  Y. Cohen,et al.  On the Structure of Gum Arabic in Aqueous Solution , 2005 .

[24]  C. Claussen,et al.  Transferrin receptor upregulation: in vitro labeling of rat mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide. , 2007, Radiology.

[25]  Ajeet Kaushik,et al.  Iron oxide-chitosan hybrid nanobiocomposite based nucleic acid sensor for pyrethroid detection , 2009 .

[26]  S. Santra,et al.  Emerging nanotechnology-based strategies for the identification of microbial pathogenesis. , 2010, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[27]  A. Maitra,et al.  Biodistribution of fluoresceinated dextran using novel nanoparticles evading reticuloendothelial system. , 2000, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[28]  Etienne Duguet,et al.  A method for synthesis and functionalization of ultrasmall superparamagnetic covalent carriers based on maghemite and dextran , 2005 .

[29]  Peter Hogg,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: Overview and perspectives , 2007 .

[30]  Yuming Zheng,et al.  Removal of copper by calcium alginate encapsulated magnetic sorbent , 2009 .

[31]  B. Ali,et al.  Biological effects of gum arabic: a review of some recent research. , 2009, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[32]  Sheryl H. Ehrman,et al.  Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Gum Arabic , 2006 .

[33]  Ivo Safarik,et al.  Magnetic techniques for the isolation and purification of proteins and peptides , 2004, Biomagnetic research and technology.

[34]  E. Rummeny,et al.  Migration of iron oxide-labeled human hematopoietic progenitor cells in a mouse model: in vivo monitoring with 1.5-T MR imaging equipment. , 2005, Radiology.

[35]  C. Robic,et al.  Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[36]  V. Bulmus,et al.  The design and utility of polymer-stabilized iron-oxide nanoparticles for nanomedicine applications , 2010 .

[37]  Ke‐long Huang,et al.  Preparation and characterization of carboxyl functionalization of chitosan derivative magnetic nanoparticles , 2008 .

[38]  Ying-Jie Zhu,et al.  Iron oxide hollow spheres : Microwave-hydrothermal ionic liquid preparation, formation mechanism, crystal phase and morphology control and properties , 2009 .

[39]  Forrest M Kievit,et al.  PEI–PEG–Chitosan‐Copolymer‐Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Safe Gene Delivery: Synthesis, Complexation, and Transfection , 2009, Advanced functional materials.

[40]  Y. Jeong,et al.  Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Galactose-Carrying Polymer for Hepatocyte Targeting , 2008, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

[41]  Maria Helena M. Rocha-Leão,et al.  In situ synthesis and magnetic studies of iron oxide nanoparticles in calcium-alginate matrix for biomedical applications , 2008 .

[42]  Wei Jiang,et al.  Embedding magnetic nanoparticles into polysaccharide-based hydrogels for magnetically assisted bioseparation. , 2007, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[43]  Xiaohu Gao,et al.  Ultrasensitive detection and molecular imaging with magnetic nanoparticles. , 2008, The Analyst.

[44]  S. Dutz,et al.  INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED MATTER , 2005 .

[45]  Takashi Nakagawa,et al.  Suitability of commercial colloids for magnetic hyperthermia , 2009 .

[46]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Viral-induced self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles allows the detection of viral particles in biological media. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[47]  O. Wilson,et al.  Adsorption of gum Arabic on bioceramic nanoparticles , 2008 .

[48]  R. Noble,et al.  Preparation and characterization of novel magnetite-coated ion-exchange particles , 1992 .

[49]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Grafting of 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin on Gum Arabic-Modified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Magnetic Carrier for Targeted Delivery of Hydrophobic Anticancer Drug , 2010 .

[50]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic colloidal nanoparticles as a nanocarrier for targeted anticancer drug delivery , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[51]  Xiangjun Li,et al.  Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin immobilized in a magnetic nanoparticles-chitosan film. , 2009, Talanta.

[52]  Hyo-Sook Lee,et al.  Synthesis of ferrofluid with magnetic nanoparticles by sonochemical method for MRI contrast agent , 2005 .

[53]  K. Dušek,et al.  Rheological and thermal properties of agarose aqueous solutions and hydrogels , 2008 .

[54]  D. Horák,et al.  Dextran-modified iron oxide nanoparticles , 2007 .

[55]  Å. Danielsson,et al.  Structure and antithrombin-binding properties of heparin isolated from the clams Anomalocardia brasiliana and Tivela mactroides. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[56]  A. Jayakrishnan,et al.  Self-gelling primaquine-gum arabic conjugate: an injectable controlled delivery system for primaquine. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[57]  C. Serna,et al.  Surface characterisation of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by laser pyrolysis and coprecipitation , 2005 .

[58]  D. Mohan,et al.  Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents--A critical review. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[59]  A. Clark,et al.  Influence of thermal history on the structural and mechanical properties of agarose gels. , 2001, Biopolymers.

[60]  R. Hoover,et al.  Composition, molecular structure, properties, and modification of pulse starches: A review , 2010 .

[61]  Aerosol‐jet produced, magnetic carrageenan‐gel particles: A new affinity chromatography matrix , 2007 .

[62]  Y Rabin,et al.  Is intracellular hyperthermia superior to extracellular hyperthermia in the thermal sense? , 2002, International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group.

[63]  Hong Yang,et al.  Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using a freshly-made or recycled imidazolium-based ionic liquid , 2007 .

[64]  H. Janssen,et al.  Analytical characterisation of glutardialdehyde cross-linking products in gelatine-gum arabic complex coacervates. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[65]  A. Zouboulis,et al.  Arsenic Removal Using Iron Oxide Loaded Alginate Beads , 2002 .

[66]  A. Nicolaides,et al.  Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism - International Consensus Statement (Guidelines according to scientific evidence) , 2006 .

[67]  L. Ferreira,et al.  Nanoparticles as tools to study and control stem cells , 2009, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[68]  Munishwar N. Gupta,et al.  Magnetic alginate microparticles for purification of α-amylases , 2003 .

[69]  A. Blaaderen,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Large Colloidal Silver Particles , 2003 .

[70]  R. Bandyopadhyaya,et al.  Stabilization of Individual Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solutions , 2002 .

[71]  M. Sakata,et al.  Molecular associations in acacia gums , 2009 .

[72]  G. Hadjipanayis,et al.  Development of heparin-coated magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery applications , 2009 .

[73]  S. Nishimura,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticles for improving cell invasion in tissue engineering. , 2008, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[74]  Benjamin R. Jarrett,et al.  Size-controlled synthesis of dextran sulfate coated iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging , 2007, Nanotechnology.

[75]  Eun-Mi Kim,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles-loaded chitosan-linoleic acid nanoparticles as an effective hepatocyte-targeted gene delivery system. , 2009, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[76]  Ajay Kumar Gupta,et al.  Cytotoxicity suppression and cellular uptake enhancement of surface modified magnetic nanoparticles. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[77]  Bing Xu,et al.  Nitrilotriacetic acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles as a general agent to bind histidine-tagged proteins. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[78]  J. Kennedy,et al.  Pullulan: Microbial sources, production and applications. , 2008, Carbohydrate polymers.

[79]  E. Kim,et al.  Synthesis of SPIO-chitosan microspheres for MRI-detectable embolotherapy , 2005 .

[80]  V. Yang,et al.  Delivery of functional proteins to brain tumor using MRI-monitored, magnetically-targeted nanoparticles , 2008 .

[81]  A. M. Gil,et al.  In situ synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles in carrageenan gels. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[82]  Daniel Fábio Kawano,et al.  Carrageenans: biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis - a review. , 2009 .

[83]  Craig A. Grimes,et al.  Detection of pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 with a wireless magnetoelastic-sensing device amplified by using chitosan-modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles , 2010 .

[84]  R. Linhardt,et al.  Recent progress and applications in glycosaminoglycan and heparin research. , 2009, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[85]  Eugene Khor,et al.  Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[86]  A. Jayakrishnan,et al.  Synthesis and evaluation of ampicillin‐conjugated gum arabic microspheres for sustained release , 2007, The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.

[87]  Q. Pankhurst,et al.  Progress in applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine , 2009 .

[88]  Mingyuan Gao,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: from preparations to in vivo MRI applications , 2009 .

[89]  J. Kennedy,et al.  Enzymatic preparation of chitosan from the waste Aspergillus niger mycelium of citric acid production plant , 2006 .

[90]  M. Kleerebezem,et al.  In vitro analysis of protection of the enzyme bile salt hydrolase against enteric conditions by whey protein-gum arabic microencapsulation. , 2008, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

[91]  J. Dobson,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticles for gene and drug delivery , 2008, International journal of nanomedicine.

[92]  D. Rubin,et al.  Differentiation of liver hemangiomas from metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma at MR imaging enhanced with blood-pool contrast agent Code-7227. , 1997, Radiology.

[93]  K. Mills,et al.  Application of magnetic chromatography to the isolation of lysosomes from fibroblasts of patients with lysosomal storage disorders , 1998, FEBS letters.

[94]  Ulrich Heinzmann,et al.  Targeting of hematopoietic progenitor cells with MR contrast agents. , 2003, Radiology.

[95]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Glucose-Grafted Gum Arabic Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles: Preparation and Specific Interaction with Concanavalin A , 2007 .

[96]  Zhi-Feng Gan,et al.  A novel magnetic fluid based on starch-coated magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with homing peptide , 2009 .

[97]  J. Alam,et al.  Iron oxide nanoparticles-chitosan composite based glucose biosensor. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[98]  K. Satyanarayana,et al.  Biodegradable composites based on lignocellulosic fibers—An overview , 2009 .

[99]  Yong-Keun Lee,et al.  Targeting to carcinoma cells with chitosan- and starch-coated magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[100]  G. Zeng,et al.  Biosorption of copper(II) by immobilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the surface of chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles from aqueous solution. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[101]  Wei Lin,et al.  Reduced efficiency of magnetotaxis in magnetotactic coccoid bacteria in higher than geomagnetic fields. , 2009, Biophysical journal.

[102]  Thorunn Rafnar,et al.  The Icelandic founder mutation BRCA2 999del5: analysis of expression , 2004, Breast Cancer Research.

[103]  S. Justesen,et al.  Superparamagnetic Cation–Exchange Adsorbents for Bioproduct Recovery from Crude Process Liquors by High-Gradient Magnetic Fishing , 2004 .

[104]  G. Phillips.  Molecular association and function of arabinogalactan protein complexes from tree exudates , 2009 .

[105]  R. Colton,et al.  The BARC biosensor applied to the detection of biological warfare agents. , 2000, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[106]  Kenshi Hayashi,et al.  Characterization of caspase-8L: a novel isoform of caspase-8 that behaves as an inhibitor of the caspase cascade. , 2002, Blood.

[107]  S. Saini,et al.  Dual contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver with superparamagnetic iron oxide followed by gadolinium for lesion detection and characterization. , 2001, Clinical radiology.

[108]  A. Roque,et al.  Gum Arabic coated magnetic nanoparticles with affinity ligands specific for antibodies , 2010, Journal of molecular recognition : JMR.

[109]  Dong-lin Zhao,et al.  Preparation and inductive heating property of Fe3O4–chitosan composite nanoparticles in an AC magnetic field for localized hyperthermia , 2009 .

[110]  In-Kyu Park,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual imaging probe for targeting hepatocytes in vivo , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[111]  A. Curtis,et al.  Dextran and albumin derivatised iron oxide nanoparticles: influence on fibroblasts in vitro. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[112]  Sunita Teotia,et al.  Magnetite-alginate beads for purification of some starch degrading enzymes , 2002, Molecular biotechnology.

[113]  Zhiqiang Shen,et al.  Preparation of immunomagnetic iron-dextran nanoparticles and application in rapid isolation of E.coli O157:H7 from foods. , 2005, World Journal of Gastroenterology.

[114]  Miqin Zhang,et al.  Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Medical Imaging Applications. , 2009, Journal of materials chemistry.

[115]  Masahiro Hiraoka,et al.  Magnetite nanoparticles with high heating efficiencies for application in the hyperthermia of cancer , 2010 .

[116]  Hakho Lee,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticle biosensors. , 2010, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

[117]  I. Safarik,et al.  Magnetically modified microbial cells: A new type of magnetic adsorbents , 2007 .

[118]  C. Yip,et al.  Properties of a novel magnetized alginate for magnetic resonance imaging. , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[119]  B. Danielson.  Structure, chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous iron agents. , 2004, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[120]  Philippe Robert,et al.  Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. , 2006, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[121]  I. Safarik,et al.  Magnetic nano- and microparticles in biotechnology , 2009 .

[122]  Frankel,et al.  Magnetic microstructure of magnetotactic bacteria by electron holography , 1998, Science.

[123]  G. Phillips,et al.  New insights into the structural characteristics of the arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) fraction of gum arabic. , 2008, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[124]  Shu Han Chen,et al.  A screening paradigm for the design of improved polymer-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles , 2009 .

[125]  C. Lowe,et al.  Advances and applications of de novo designed affinity ligands in proteomics. , 2006, Biotechnology advances.

[126]  Jun Ren,et al.  General strategy for designing functionalized magnetic microspheres for different bioapplications. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[127]  N. Duc,et al.  Structural and magnetic properties of starch-coated magnetite nanoparticles , 2009 .

[128]  G. Raskob,et al.  Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism , 2013, Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis.

[129]  T. Nagai,et al.  Preparation and characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by alginate. , 2007, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[130]  E. Baggio-Saitovitch,et al.  Magnetic studies of iron(III) nanoparticles in alginate polymer for drug delivery applications , 2004 .

[131]  Carlos Rinaldi,et al.  Water dispersible iron oxide nanoparticles coated with covalently linked chitosan , 2009 .

[132]  M. Forster,et al.  Conformation and dynamics of heparin and heparan sulfate. , 2000, Glycobiology.

[133]  Matthias Franzreb,et al.  Protein purification using magnetic adsorbent particles , 2006, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[134]  Daniel L Graham,et al.  Magnetoresistive-based biosensors and biochips. , 2004, Trends in biotechnology.

[135]  M. Rinaudo,et al.  Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials , 2008 .

[136]  O. Thomas,et al.  Demonstration of a Strategy for Product Purification by High‐Gradient Magnetic Fishing: Recovery of Superoxide Dismutase from Unconditioned Whey , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[137]  Joydip Kundu,et al.  Biopolymeric nanoparticles , 2010, Science and technology of advanced materials.

[138]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Fast removal of copper ions by gum arabic modified magnetic nano-adsorbent. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[139]  Gareth J.S. Jenkins,et al.  Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) , 2010, Nano reviews.

[140]  Yuanyuan Cai,et al.  Pullulan acetate coated magnetite nanoparticles for hyper-thermia: Preparation, characterization and in vitro experiments , 2010 .

[141]  Antonio Villaverde,et al.  Biomedical applications of distally controlled magnetic nanoparticles. , 2009, Trends in biotechnology.