Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen

Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of dental caries (tooth decay) worldwide and is considered to be the most cariogenic of all of the oral streptococci. The genome of S. mutans UA159, a serotype c strain, has been completely sequenced and is composed of 2,030,936 base pairs. It contains 1,963 ORFs, 63% of which have been assigned putative functions. The genome analysis provides further insight into how S. mutans has adapted to surviving the oral environment through resource acquisition, defense against host factors, and use of gene products that maintain its niche against microbial competitors. S. mutans metabolizes a wide variety of carbohydrates via nonoxidative pathways, and all of these pathways have been identified, along with the associated transport systems whose genes account for almost 15% of the genome. Virulence genes associated with extracellular adherent glucan production, adhesins, acid tolerance, proteases, and putative hemolysins have been identified. Strain UA159 is naturally competent and contains all of the genes essential for competence and quorum sensing. Mobile genetic elements in the form of IS elements and transposons are prominent in the genome and include a previously uncharacterized conjugative transposon and a composite transposon containing genes for the synthesis of antibiotics of the gramicidin/bacitracin family; however, no bacteriophage genomes are present.

[1]  Iain C Sutcliffe,et al.  Pattern searches for the identification of putative lipoprotein genes in Gram-positive bacterial genomes. , 2002, Microbiology.

[2]  T. Sekizaki,et al.  Characterization of Streptococcus suis Genes Encoding Proteins Homologous to Sortase of Gram-Positive Bacteria , 2002, Journal of bacteriology.

[3]  M. Vickerman,et al.  Initial characterization of the Streptococcus gordonii htpX gene. , 2002, Oral microbiology and immunology.

[4]  Tsute Chen,et al.  Cloning of the Streptococcus mutans Gene Encoding Glucan Binding Protein B and Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Protein Production in Clinical Isolates , 2001, Infection and Immunity.

[5]  R. Russell,et al.  HtrA protease and processing of extracellular proteins of Streptococcus mutans. , 2001, FEMS microbiology letters.

[6]  Elliot J. Lefkowitz,et al.  Genome of the Bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae Strain R6 , 2001, Journal of bacteriology.

[7]  M. Rohde,et al.  The pavA gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes a fibronectin‐binding protein that is essential for virulence , 2001, Molecular microbiology.

[8]  S. Salzberg,et al.  Complete Genome Sequence of a Virulent Isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae , 2001, Science.

[9]  M. Kanehisa,et al.  Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , 2001, The Lancet.

[10]  S. Ehrlich,et al.  The complete genome sequence of the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis IL1403. , 2001, Genome research.

[11]  Bruce A. Roe,et al.  Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  Kuramitsu Hk.  Virulence properties of oral bacteria: impact of molecular biology. , 2001 .

[13]  J. Chia,et al.  Identification of Stress-Responsive Genes in Streptococcus mutans by Differential Display Reverse Transcription-PCR , 2001, Infection and Immunity.

[14]  Peter S. C. Lau,et al.  Natural Genetic Transformation ofStreptococcus mutans Growing in Biofilms , 2001, Journal of bacteriology.

[15]  Kevin F. Jones,et al.  Inactivation of the srtA Gene inStreptococcus gordonii Inhibits Cell Wall Anchoring of Surface Proteins and Decreases In Vitro and In Vivo Adhesion , 2001, Infection and Immunity.

[16]  R. Quivey,et al.  Genetics of acid adaptation in oral streptococci. , 2001, Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists.

[17]  Š. Janeček,et al.  Location of repeat elements in glucansucrases of Leuconostoc and Streptococcus species. , 2000, FEMS microbiology letters.

[18]  A. Rincé,et al.  IS1675, a Novel Lactococcal Insertion Element, Forms a Transposon-Like Structure Including the Lacticin 481 Lantibiotic Operon , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[19]  F. Petersen,et al.  Genetic transformation in Streptococcus mutans requires a peptide secretion-like apparatus. , 2000, Oral microbiology and immunology.

[20]  S. Michalek,et al.  Genetic Characterization of a Streptococcus mutans LraI Family Operon and Role in Virulence , 2000, Infection and Immunity.

[21]  Y. Kamio,et al.  Role of the dpr Product in Oxygen Tolerance in Streptococcus mutans , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[22]  S. Hamada,et al.  Purification, Characterization, and Molecular Analysis of the Gene Encoding Glucosyltransferase fromStreptococcus oralis , 2000, Infection and Immunity.

[23]  J. Chia,et al.  Identification of a Fibronectin Binding Protein from Streptococcus mutans , 2000, Infection and Immunity.

[24]  J. Banas,et al.  Ligand-Binding Properties of the Carboxyl-Terminal Repeat Domain of Streptococcus mutans Glucan-Binding Protein A , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[25]  S. Foster,et al.  Autolysins of Bacillus subtilis: multiple enzymes with multiple functions. , 2000, Microbiology.

[26]  G. Svensäter,et al.  Multiple stress responses in Streptococcus mutans and the induction of general and stress-specific proteins. , 2000, Microbiology.

[27]  H. Tsuda,et al.  A Novel Gene Required for Rhamnose-Glucose Polysaccharide Synthesis in Streptococcus mutans , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[28]  D. Morrison,et al.  Identification of a New Regulator inStreptococcus pneumoniae Linking Quorum Sensing to Competence for Genetic Transformation , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[29]  F. Qi,et al.  The Specific Genes for Lantibiotic Mutacin II Biosynthesis in Streptococcus mutans T8 Are Clustered and Can Be Transferred En Bloc , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[30]  R. Russell,et al.  Identification of a Homolog of CcpA Catabolite Repressor Protein in Streptococcus mutans , 1998, Infection and Immunity.

[31]  A. Goffeau,et al.  The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis , 1997, Nature.

[32]  R. Russell,et al.  Sugar metabolism by mutans streptococci , 1997, Journal of applied microbiology.

[33]  R. Lunsford,et al.  comYA, a gene similar to comGA of Bacillus subtilis, is essential for competence-factor-dependent DNA transformation in Streptococcus gordonii , 1997, Journal of bacteriology.

[34]  J. Claverys,et al.  The adc locus, which affects competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae, encodes an ABC transporter with a putative lipoprotein homologous to a family of streptococcal adhesins. , 1997, Research in microbiology.

[35]  D. Cvitkovitch,et al.  Role of the citrate pathway in glutamate biosynthesis by Streptococcus mutans , 1997, Journal of bacteriology.

[36]  Y. Yamamoto,et al.  Cloning and sequence analysis of the gbpC gene encoding a novel glucan-binding protein of Streptococcus mutans , 1997, Infection and immunity.

[37]  H. Jenkinson,et al.  Structure, function and immunogenicity of streptococcal antigen I/II polypeptides , 1997, Molecular microbiology.

[38]  S. Moriya,et al.  Mapping of the replication origin of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome by the two-dimensional gel method. , 1996, Gene.

[39]  M. Cashel,et al.  Functional analysis of a relA/spoT gene homolog from Streptococcus equisimilis , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[40]  M. Russell,et al.  Identity of Streptococcus mutans surface protein antigen III and wall-associated protein antigen A , 1995, Infection and immunity.

[41]  H. Courtney,et al.  Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a fibronectin/fibrinogen-binding protein from group A streptococci , 1994, Infection and immunity.

[42]  H. Jenkinson.  Cell surface protein receptors in oral streptococci. , 1994, FEMS microbiology letters.

[43]  B. Poolman,et al.  Energy transduction in lactic acid bacteria. , 1993, FEMS microbiology reviews.

[44]  M. Grunberg‐Manago,et al.  Similar organization of the nusA-infB operon in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli , 1993, Journal of bacteriology.

[45]  C. Broder,et al.  Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in Escherichia coli of a streptococcal plasmin receptor , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[46]  D. Clewell,et al.  Identification of a gene, rgg, which regulates expression of glucosyltransferase and influences the Spp phenotype of Streptococcus gordonii Challis , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[47]  J. Ferretti,et al.  A binding protein-dependent transport system in Streptococcus mutans responsible for multiple sugar metabolism. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[48]  J. Ferretti,et al.  Sequence analysis of the gene for the glucan-binding protein of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt , 1990, Infection and immunity.

[49]  C. Rubens,et al.  IS861, a group B streptococcal insertion sequence related to IS150 and IS3 of Escherichia coli , 1989, Journal of bacteriology.

[50]  J. Ferretti,et al.  Nucleotide sequence of a glucosyltransferase gene from Streptococcus sobrinus MFe28 , 1987, Journal of bacteriology.

[51]  E. S. St. Martin,et al.  Regulation and function of ammonia-assimilating enzymes in Streptococcus mutans , 1980, Infection and immunity.

[52]  R. Fitzgerald,et al.  Differential Utilization of Proteins in Saliva from Caries-active and Caries-free Subjects as Growth Substrates by Plaque-forming Streptococci , 1979, Journal of dental research.

[53]  B. Winblad,et al.  Proteolytic activity of Streptococcus mutans (GS-5). , 1976, Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology.

[54]  R. Schoenfeld,et al.  Comparative Genomics of Listeria Species , 1976 .

[55]  E. C. Lin,et al.  Glycerol dissimilation and its regulation in bacteria. , 1976, Annual review of microbiology.

[56]  G. Shockman,et al.  Amino acid requirements of Streptococcus mutans and other oral streptococci , 1975, Infection and immunity.

[57]  J. Clarke.  On the Bacterial Factor in the Ætiology of Dental Caries , 1924 .