Integrated computer circuits—Past, present, and future

Since 1960, computer circuits have evolved from discrete components to hybrid or integrated circuits, allowing an order of magnitude improvement in cost and reliability. Continuation of these trends points to ward the availability of large-scale integration, with 100 or more circuits per chip, by 1970. Timely achievement of this potential improvement depends on increased interaction between system and device designers and reduction of costs associated with engineering changes and field stocking. The dominant role of the bipolar device is presently being challenged by the field effect device. Optical and bulk effect devices may have future application in the digital area.