Single-cell anatomical analysis of human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex uncovers early-stage molecular pathology in Alzheimer’s disease

The human hippocampal formation plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression, cognitive traits, and the onset of dementia; yet its molecular states in AD remain uncharacterized. Here, we report a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic dissection of the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex across 489,558 cells from 65 individuals with varying stages of AD pathology. We transcriptionally characterize major brain cell types and neuronal classes, including 17 glutamatergic and 8 GABAergic neuron subpopulations. Combining evidence from human and mouse tissue-microdissection, neuronal cell isolation and spatial transcriptomics, we show that single-cell expression patterns capture fine-resolution neuronal anatomical topography. By stratifying subjects into early and late pathology groups, we uncover stage-dependent and cell-type specific transcriptional modules altered during AD progression. These include early-stage cell-type specific dysregulation of cellular and cholesterol metabolism, late-stage neuron-glia alterations in neurotransmission, and late-stage signatures of cellular stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage broadly shared across cell types. Late-stage signatures show signs of convergence in hippocampal and cortical cells, while early changes diverge; highlighting the relevance of characterizing molecular pathology across brain regions and AD progression. Finally, we characterize neuron subregion-specific responses to AD pathology and show that CA1 pyramidal neurons are the most transcriptionally altered while CA3 and dentate gyrus granule neurons the least. Our study provides a valuable resource to extend cell type-specific studies of AD to clinically relevant brain regions affected early by pathology in disease progression.