The importance of CTLA‐4 polymorphism and human leukocyte antigen genotype for the induction of diabetes‐associated cytokine response in healthy school children

Background:  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease associated with the destruction of pancreatic β cells and genetically linked to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DR3‐DQ2 and DR4‐DQ8 haplotypes. The +49A/G polymorphism of the immunoregulatory cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) gene is also associated with T1D. Genetic and environmental risk factors precede the onset of T1D, which is characterized by a T helper 1 cell‐dominating cytokine response to diabetes‐related autoantigens.

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