Evaluating Public Space

Public space plays an important role in sustaining the public realm. There is a renewed interest in public space with a growing belief that while modern societies no longer depend on the town square or the piazza for basic needs, good public space is required for the social and psychological health of modern communities. New public spaces are emerging around the world and old public space typologies are being retrofitted to contemporary needs. Good public space is responsive, democratic and meaningful. However, few comprehensive instruments exist to measure the quality of public space. Based on an extensive review of literature and empirical work, this paper creates a public space index to assess the quality of public space by empirically evaluating its inclusiveness, meaningfulness, safety, comfort and pleasurability. Four public spaces in downtown Tampa, Florida, are examined using the index and several applications for public space planners, designers and managers are suggested.

[1]  Murray Silverstein,et al.  A Pattern Language , 1977 .

[2]  Randolph T. Hester,et al.  Planning neighborhood space with people , 1984 .

[3]  Ralph B. Taylor,et al.  The physical-environment of street blocks and resident perceptions of crime and disorder: Implications for theory and measurement , 1992 .

[4]  John Croney Anthropometrics for Designers. , 1971 .

[5]  M. Davis City of quartz : excavating the future in Los Angeles , 1998 .

[6]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[7]  Paul Bert,et al.  Livable Cities: People and Places : Social and Design Principles for the Future of the City , 1987 .

[8]  Stephen D. Gottfredson,et al.  Block Crime and Fear: Defensible Space, Local Social Ties, and Territorial Functioning , 1984 .

[9]  V. Mehta The Street: A Quintessential Social Public Space , 2013 .

[10]  Ralph B. Taylor,et al.  The physical environment of street crime: Defensible space, territoriality and incivilities. , 1993 .

[11]  Amos Rapoport,et al.  History and Precedent in Environmental Design , 1990, Springer US.

[12]  E. Lozano,et al.  Visual Needs in the Urban Environment , 1974 .

[13]  C. Marcus Easter Hill Village : some social implications of design , 1975 .

[14]  T. Banerjee The Future of Public Space: Beyond Invented Streets and Reinvented Places , 2001 .

[15]  A. Rapoport House form and culture , 1970 .

[16]  Leonard Carmichael,et al.  The Human Condition , 1960 .

[17]  Andrea L Dunn,et al.  Exploring the effect of the environment on physical activity: a study examining walking to work. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[18]  S. Low On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture , 2000 .

[19]  Anne Vernez Moudon,et al.  Public streets for public use , 1987 .

[20]  R. Oldenburg The Great Good Place , 1999 .

[21]  Henry F. Arnold Trees in urban design , 1980 .

[22]  J. Porteous Environmental Aesthetics: Ideas, Politics and Planning , 1996 .

[23]  O. Newman,et al.  Defensible Space; Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. , 1973 .

[24]  Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris,et al.  Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation over Public Space , 2009 .

[25]  M. Brill,et al.  Transformation, Nostalgia, and Illusion in Public Life and Public Place , 1989 .

[26]  Jon T. Lang,et al.  Creating Architectural Theory: The Role of the Behavioral Sciences in Environmental Design , 1987 .

[27]  A. Maslow Motivation and Personality , 1954 .

[28]  V. Mehta Lively Streets , 2007 .

[29]  Theodore Stathopoulos,et al.  Microclimate and Downtown Open Space Activity , 2001 .

[30]  William C. Sullivan,et al.  Where Does Community Grow? , 1997 .

[31]  A. Clarke,et al.  NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY. CASE STUDY NO. 19: TRAFFIC CALMING, AUTO-RESTRICTED ZONES AND OTHER TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES - THEIR EFFECTS ON BICYCLING AND PEDESTRIANS , 1994 .

[32]  D. Chavis,et al.  Sense of community: A definition and theory , 1986 .

[33]  Clare Cooper Marcus,et al.  People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space , 1997 .

[34]  A E Stamps,et al.  Sex, Complexity, and Preferences for Residential Facades , 1999, Perceptual and motor skills.

[35]  J. Jacobs,et al.  Living Room: Rematerialising Home , 2008 .

[36]  E. Relph Place and placelessness , 1976 .

[37]  L. H. Lofland The Public Realm: Exploring the City's Quintessential Social Territory , 1999 .

[38]  Wesley G. Skogan,et al.  Coping With Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions , 1981 .

[39]  Jack L. Nasar,et al.  The evaluative image of the city , 1997 .

[40]  C. Hass-Klau,et al.  Streets as living space: helping public places play their proper role , 1999 .

[41]  Nancy Duncan BodySpace : Destabilising Geographies of Gender and Sexuality , 1996 .

[42]  L. Mumford The Culture of Cities , 1939, Nature.

[43]  Richard M. Cartwright The design of urban space , 1980 .

[44]  A. Maslow A Theory of Human Motivation , 1943 .

[45]  W. Whyte The social life of small urban spaces , 1980 .

[46]  W. Sullivan,et al.  The Fruit of Urban Nature , 2004 .

[47]  Richard Sennett,et al.  The Uses of Disorder: Personal Identity and City Life , 1971 .

[48]  M. Sorkin Variations on a Theme Park , 1992 .

[49]  Max Jacobson,et al.  A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction , 1981 .

[50]  J. Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities , 1962 .

[51]  Terry J. Brown,et al.  Environmental Preference , 1989 .

[52]  D. Mitchell The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space , 2003 .

[53]  Amos Rapoport,et al.  Complexity and Ambiguity in Environmental Design , 1967 .

[54]  Ann Forsyth,et al.  Designing Small Parks: A Manual for Addressing Social and Ecological Concerns , 2005 .