Crosslinking Strategies for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Polymeric Hydrogels

Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently advanced as an important tool to produce viable constructs that can be used for regenerative purposes or tissue models. To develop biomimetic and sustainable 3D constructs, several important processing aspects need to be considered, among which crosslinking is most important for achieving desirable biomechanical stability of printed structures which is reflected on subsequent behavior and use of these constructs. In this review, crosslinking methods used in 3D bioprinting studies are reviewed, parameters that affecting bioink chemistry discussed, and the potential towards improving crosslinking outcomes and construct performance are highlighted. Furthermore, current challenges and future prospects are discussed. Due to the direct connection between crosslinking methods and properties of 3D bioprinted structures, this review can provide basis for developing necessary modifications to design and manufacturing process of advanced tissue-like constructs, in future.