Toxicology of solvent extract and fractions of Alstonia boonei (DC.) Wild stem bark in Rats

Introduction: Toxic effects arising from the use of medicinal herbs have been frequently overshadowed by the therapeutic efficacy of phytomedicines. This study was carried out to assess the safety of extract and fractions of Alstonia boonei (de wild) stem bark, popularly used in the treatment of malaria especially in Africa. Methods: Rats were orally exposed to different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) of methanol extract (ME), n-hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), ethylacetate (EF) and aqueous fractions (AF) of A. boonei for 7 days. Furthermore, 10 mg/ kg body weight (bw) of chloroquine (CQN) was administered as standard drug for 7 days while, 5% tween 80 (TT) and distilled water (TW) were administered as control for 7 days. Group I (treatment group) was sacrificed after 7 days while group II (recovery group) was left for 21 days to recover and thereafter sacrificed. The effects of treatment and recovery were analyzed using serum biomarkers, hematological parameters and tissue histopathological evaluation. Results: There was reduction in hematological parameters after 7 days but recovered after 21 days. There was also increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), after 7 days. Compared to TW and TT treated groups, histopathological scores of liver and kidney were critical for all groups at 400 mg/kg bw after 21 days. Conclusion: The animals did not fully recover after 21 days, suggesting that 400 mg/kg bw of extract and fractions of A. boonei were both hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Hence this plant should be used with cautious.

[1]  A. Brown Kidney toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 3 of 5 series. , 2017, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[2]  Dirk Roos,et al.  Neutrophils: Between Host Defence, Immune Modulation, and Tissue Injury , 2015, PLoS pathogens.

[3]  M. O. Ashamo,et al.  Phytochemical Screening and Effectiveness of Alstonia boonei De Wild oils as an Entomocides in the Management of Cowpea Bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]. , 2014 .

[4]  O. Ojo,et al.  Prophylactic Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Alstonia boonei Stem Bark Against DDVP-induced Toxicity in Albino Rats. , 2014 .

[5]  F. Opoku,et al.  Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Properties of Alstonia Boonei Extracts , 2014 .

[6]  J. O. Olanlokun,et al.  PROPHYLACTIC POTENTIALS OF EXTRACTS OF Alstonia boonei STEM BARK ON CHLOROQUINE- SENSITIVE P. berghei- INDUCED MALARIA IN MICE , 2013 .

[7]  O. Adebiyi,et al.  Phytochemical and acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha (oliv) stem bark in albino rats , 2013, Interdisciplinary toxicology.

[8]  T. Efferth,et al.  Mechanisms of herb-induced nephrotoxicity. , 2013, Current medicinal chemistry.

[9]  C. Bunchorntavakul,et al.  Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity , 2013, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[10]  J. O. Olanlokun,et al.  Therapeutic effects of various solvent fractions of Alstonia boonei (apocynaceae) stem bark on Plasmodium berghei-induced malaria. , 2012, African journal of medicine and medical sciences.

[11]  M. Asif A brief study of toxic effects of some medicinal herbs on kidney , 2012, Advanced biomedical research.

[12]  V. Navarro,et al.  Review article: drug‐induced liver injury – its pathophysiology and evolving diagnostic tools , 2011, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[13]  A. Abolaji,et al.  Effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Chrysophyllumalbidum G. on biochemical and haematologicalparameters of albino Wistar rats , 2010 .

[14]  Avinash A. K. Math,et al.  A review on laboratory liver function tests , 2009, The Pan African medical journal.

[15]  R. Andrade,et al.  Assessment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in clinical practice: a challenge for gastroenterologists. , 2007, World Journal of Gastroenterology.

[16]  R. Chattopadhyay Possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract: part II. , 2003, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[17]  J. Kelly Toxicity and adverse effects of herbal complementary therapy. , 2002, Professional nurse.

[18]  J. Brant,et al.  Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity: Assessment and interventions for patients at risk. , 2002, The American journal of nursing.

[19]  M. Nahata,et al.  Cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents: incidence, treatment and prevention. , 2000, Drug safety.

[20]  D. Rabago,et al.  Assessing the risks and benefits of herbal medicine: an overview of scientific evidence. , 1999, Alternative therapies in health and medicine.

[21]  Schalm Ow,et al.  Schalm's Veterinary Hematology , 1986 .