Fundamentals of Single-Carrier CDMA Technologies

A broad range of wireless services of e.g., 100Mbps-to-1Gbps are demanded for the beyond 3 rd generation (3G) wireless mobile communications systems. Wireless channels for such high-speed data transmissions are characterized by severely frequency-selective channel, which is caused by many interfering paths with different time delays. Promising wireless access technique that can overcome the channel frequency-selectivity and even improve the transmission performance is code division multiple access (CDMA). There are two approaches in CDMA: multi-carrier (MC)-CDMA and single-carrier (SC)-CDMA (direct-sequence CDMA or DS-CDMA is another popular terminology, but in this Chapter, the terminology “SC-CDMA” is used). Both MC- and SC-CDMA techniques have flexibility for providing variable rate transmissions, yet retaining multiple access capability. Their special case is orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and non-spread single carrier (SC) transmission, respectively. A lot of attention has been paid to MC-CDMA. However, it was recently shown that SC-CDMA can achieve a good performance comparable to MC-CDMA if proper frequency-domain equalization (FDE) is adopted. In this chapter, various techniques for improving SC-CDMA transmission performance are presented

[1]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Iterative (turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded CDMA , 1999, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[2]  B. Sklar,et al.  Rayleigh fading channels in mobile digital communication systems Part I: Characterization , 1997, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[3]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Tree-structured generation of orthogonal spreading codes with different lengths for forward link of DS-CDMA mobile radio , 1997 .

[4]  D. Garg,et al.  DS-CDMA with frequency-domain equalization for high speed downlink packet access , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[5]  Ramjee Prasad,et al.  Overview of multicarrier CDMA , 1997, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[6]  Lajos Hanzo,et al.  Comparative study of turbo decoding techniques: an overview , 2000, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[7]  Tolga M. Duman,et al.  Turbo coded modulation for wireless communications with antenna diversity , 1999, Gateway to 21st Century Communications Village. VTC 1999-Fall. IEEE VTS 50th Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.99CH36324).

[8]  M. J. Gans,et al.  On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[9]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Wireless Past and FutureEvolving Mobile Communications Systems , 2001 .

[10]  B. Sklar A primer on turbo code concepts , 1997 .

[11]  Xiang-Gen Xia,et al.  A systematic design of high-rate complex orthogonal space-time block codes , 2004, IEEE Communications Letters.

[12]  Claude Berrou,et al.  The ten-year-old turbo codes are entering into service , 2003, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[13]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Wideband DS-CDMA for next-generation mobile communications systems , 1998, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[14]  Reinaldo A. Valenzuela,et al.  V-BLAST: an architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel , 1998, 1998 URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX167).

[15]  Shu Lin,et al.  Error control coding : fundamentals and applications , 1983 .

[16]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Broadband CDMA techniques , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[17]  John Cocke,et al.  Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate (Corresp.) , 1974, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[18]  S. Hara,et al.  Performance comparison of MC-CDMA and cyclically prefixed DS-CDMA in an uplink channel [mobile radio] , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[19]  D. N. Rowitch Rate compatible punctured turbo (RCPT) codes in hybrid FEC/ARQ system , 1997 .

[20]  Wayne E. Stark,et al.  Turbo-coded ARQ schemes for DS-CDMA data networks over fading and shadowing channels: throughput, delay, and energy efficiency , 2000, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[21]  Erik G. Larsson,et al.  Space-Time Block Coding for Wireless Communications , 2003 .

[22]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  2-dimensional OVSF Spreading for Chip-interleaved DS-CDMA Uplink Transmission , 2005 .

[23]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Downlink DS-CDMA Transmission with Joint MMSE Equalization and ICI Cancellation , 2006, 2006 IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference.

[24]  Juha Ylitalo,et al.  Overview and recent challenges of MIMO systems , 2003 .

[25]  Georgios B. Giannakis,et al.  Chip-interleaved block-spread code division multiple access , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[26]  Naofal Al-Dhahir,et al.  Single-carrier frequency-domain equalization for space-time block-coded transmissions over frequency-selective fading channels , 2001, IEEE Communications Letters.

[27]  T.A. Thomas,et al.  Cyclic-prefix CDMA with antenna diversity , 2002, Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367).

[28]  W. C. Jakes,et al.  Microwave Mobile Communications , 1974 .

[29]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Joint Antenna Diversity and Frequency-Domain Equalization for Multi-Rate MC-CDMA , 2003 .

[30]  Joachim Hagenauer,et al.  Rate-compatible punctured convolutional codes (RCPC codes) and their applications , 1988, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[31]  Jean-François Hélard,et al.  Multicarrier CDMA techniques for future wideband wireless networks , 2001, Ann. des Télécommunications.

[32]  A.S. Madhukumar,et al.  A simplified transceiver structure for cyclic extended CDMA system with frequency domain equalization , 2005, 2005 IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[33]  F. Adachi,et al.  Frequency-domain iterative parallel interference cancellation for multicode DS-CDMA-MIMO multiplexing , 2005, VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005..

[34]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  COHERENT MULTICODE DS-CDMA MOBILE RADIO ACCESS , 1996 .

[35]  Gerard J. Foschini,et al.  Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas , 1996, Bell Labs Technical Journal.

[36]  F. Adachi,et al.  Application of space-time transmit diversity to single-carrier transmission with frequency-domain equalisation and receive antenna diversity in a frequency-selective fading channel , 2004 .

[37]  Joachim Hagenauer,et al.  Iterative decoding of binary block and convolutional codes , 1996, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[38]  A. Glavieux,et al.  Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. 1 , 1993, Proceedings of ICC '93 - IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[39]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Performance of multicode DS-CDMA using frequency domain equalisation in frequency selective fading channel , 2003 .

[40]  Stephen B. Wicker,et al.  Turbo Coding , 1998 .

[41]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  2-Dimensional OVSF Spread/Chip-Interleaved CDMA , 2006, IEICE Trans. Commun..

[42]  Nevio Benvenuto,et al.  Block iterative DFE for single carrier modulation , 2002 .

[43]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Packet access using DS-CDMA with frequency-domain equalization , 2006, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[44]  Georgios B. Giannakis,et al.  Block precoding for MUI/ISI-resilient generalized multicarrier CDMA with multirate capabilities , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[45]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Bit Error Rate Analysis of DS-CDMA with Joint Frequency-Domain Equalization and Antenna Diversity Combining , 2004 .

[46]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  A class of block-iterative equalizers for intersymbol interference channels: fixed channel results , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[47]  David Chase,et al.  Code Combining - A Maximum-Likelihood Decoding Approach for Combining an Arbitrary Number of Noisy Packets , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[48]  David Falconer,et al.  Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems , 2002, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[49]  N. Benvenuto,et al.  A reduced complexity block iterative DFE for dispersive wireless applications , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[50]  Arne Svensson,et al.  On Schemes for Multriate Support in DS-CDMA Systems , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[51]  Steven D. Gray,et al.  Transmit diversity in 3G CDMA systems , 2002 .

[52]  Siavash M. Alamouti,et al.  A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[53]  Fumiyuki Adachi,et al.  Throughput Comparison of Turbo-Coded HARQ in OFDM, MC-CDMA and DS-CDMA with Frequency-Domain Equalization , 2005, IEICE Trans. Commun..

[54]  Kiho Kim,et al.  Beyond 3G: vision, requirements, and enabling technologies , 2003, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[55]  Patrick Robertson,et al.  A comparison of optimal and sub-optimal MAP decoding algorithms operating in the log domain , 1995, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Communications ICC '95.

[56]  Nevio Benvenuto,et al.  On the comparison between OFDM and single carrier modulation with a DFE using a frequency-domain feedforward filter , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[57]  Dariush Divsalar,et al.  Turbo codes for PCS applications , 1995, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Communications ICC '95.