Nitrite electrochemical biosensing based on coupled graphene and gold nanoparticles.

Biofunctionalized graphene-gold nanoparticle (AuNP) hybrids were prepared using a facile approach of in situ growth, with homogeneous distribution of AuNPs on the graphene nanosheets. Hemoglobin (Hb) was immobilized on the graphene-AuNP composites to fabricate biosensors for determination of nitrite (NO2(-)). A pair of well-defined redox peaks was observed for Hb immobilized on the graphene-AuNP hybrids with a formal potential (E(0')) of -0.314 V in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.0). The novel biosensors exhibited many advantages, such as wide linear response range (from 0.05 to 1000 µM, R(2)=0.997), low detection limit (0.01 µM, a signal to noise ratio of 3), high sensitivity (0.15 μA μM(-1) cm(-2)), and excellent selectivity. These constructed biosensors were further used for determination of nitrite in pickled radish. The results obtained were in good agreement with those using spectrophotometry based on the National Food Safety Standard (GB 5009.33-2010), which indicates that these novel and sensitive biosensors have promising application for determination of nitrite in food.

[1]  P. Yáñez‐Sedeño,et al.  Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors , 2005, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[2]  Jun-Jie Zhu,et al.  Gold Nanoparticle–Colloidal Carbon Nanosphere Hybrid Material: Preparation, Characterization, and Application for an Amplified Electrochemical Immunoassay , 2008 .

[3]  Zong Dai,et al.  Investigation of electrocatalytic pathway for hemoglobin toward nitric oxide by electrochemical approach based on protein controllable unfolding and in-situ reaction. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[4]  G. Ilavazhagan,et al.  Simultaneous electrochemical determination of superoxide anion radical and nitrite using Cu,ZnSOD immobilized on carbon nanotube in polypyrrole matrix. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[5]  N. Hu,et al.  Assembly of electroactive layer-by-layer films of hemoglobin and polycationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium). , 2002, Biomacromolecules.

[6]  P. Kamat,et al.  TiO2-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. , 2008, ACS nano.

[7]  Jinbin Liu,et al.  Toward a universal "adhesive nanosheet" for the assembly of multiple nanoparticles based on a protein-induced reduction/decoration of graphene oxide. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  Yu Lei,et al.  Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of novel single-walled carbon nanotubes-hemoglobin composite microbelts--towards the development of sensitive and mediator-free biosensor. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  P. Niedzielski,et al.  A new tool for inorganic nitrogen speciation study: simultaneous determination of ammonium ion, nitrite and nitrate by ion chromatography with post-column ammonium derivatization by Nessler reagent and diode-array detection in rain water samples. , 2006, Analytica chimica acta.

[10]  J. J. Gracio,et al.  Surface Modification of Graphene Nanosheets with Gold Nanoparticles: The Role of Oxygen Moieties at Graphene Surface on Gold Nucleation and Growth , 2009 .

[11]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Platinum nanoparticle ensemble-on-graphene hybrid nanosheet: one-pot, rapid synthesis, and used as new electrode material for electrochemical sensing. , 2010, ACS nano.

[12]  Adriel Jebin Jacob Jebaraj,et al.  Oxidation of Hydroxylamine on Gold Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolytes: Rotating Ring-Disk and In Situ Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy Studies , 2012 .

[13]  R. K. Shervedani,et al.  Gold-deferrioxamine nanometric interface for selective recognition of Fe(III) using square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[14]  E. Yoo,et al.  Enhanced cyclic performance and lithium storage capacity of SnO2/graphene nanoporous electrodes with three-dimensionally delaminated flexible structure. , 2009, Nano letters.

[15]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide , 2007 .

[16]  Juan-Yu Yang,et al.  Highly stable and dispersive silver nanoparticle-graphene composites by a simple and low-energy-consuming approach and their antimicrobial activity. , 2013, Small.

[17]  A. Lagalante,et al.  Flow injection analysis of imidacloprid in natural waters and agricultural matrixes by photochemical dissociation, chemical reduction, and nitric oxide chemiluminescence detection. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[18]  Hassan Sabzyan,et al.  Nanostructure Molecular Assemblies Constructed Based on Ex-Situ and In-Situ Layer-by-Layer Ferrioxamation Characterized by Electrochemical and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Methods , 2011 .

[19]  R. Kaner,et al.  Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[20]  Guang-Chao Zhao,et al.  Graphene-based modified electrode for the direct electron transfer of Cytochrome c and biosensing , 2010 .

[21]  V. Kuznetsov,et al.  Flow-injection spectrophotometry of nitrites based on the diazotization reactions of azine dyes , 2007 .

[22]  C. Berger,et al.  Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene , 2006, Science.

[23]  Bei Wang,et al.  FACILE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE NANOSHEETS , 2008 .

[24]  Hua Bai,et al.  Preparation of Gold Nanoparticle/Graphene Composites with Controlled Weight Contents and Their Application in Biosensors , 2010 .

[25]  Kristopher R. Ward,et al.  A joint experimental and computational search for authentic nano-electrocatalytic effects: electrooxidation of nitrite and L-ascorbate on gold nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrodes. , 2013, Small.

[26]  Yang Yang,et al.  Low-temperature solution processing of graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid materials for high-performance transparent conductors. , 2009, Nano letters.

[27]  R. Sundaram,et al.  Electrochemical Modification of Graphene , 2008 .

[28]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes , 2009, Nature.

[29]  F. Tuinstra,et al.  Raman Spectrum of Graphite , 1970 .

[30]  Yikai Zhou,et al.  A novel nitrite biosensor based on single-layer graphene nanoplatelet-protein composite film. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[31]  G. Wallace,et al.  Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[32]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[33]  Huafeng Yang,et al.  Graphene/AuNPs/chitosan nanocomposites film for glucose biosensing. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[34]  Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri,et al.  Indirect measurement of nitric oxide production by monitoring nitrate and nitrite using microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[35]  J. Coleman,et al.  High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[36]  S. Epstein,et al.  Nitrosamines as Environmental Carcinogens , 1970, Nature.

[37]  Edward T. Samulski,et al.  Exfoliated Graphene Separated by Platinum Nanoparticles , 2008 .

[38]  J. Robertson,et al.  Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon , 2000 .

[39]  J. Pereira,et al.  Nitrite reduction mediated by heme models. Routes to NO and HNO? , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.