Update of Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompetent Adults
暂无分享,去创建一个
John G. Bartlett | Thomas M. File | Cynthia Whitney | J. Bartlett | L. Mandell | S. Dowell | T. File | D. Musher | C. Whitney | Lionel A. Mandell | Scott F. Dowell | Daniel M. Musher
[1] M. Kolczak,et al. Incidence of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization Results of a Population-Based Active Surveillance Study in Ohio , 1997 .
[2] A. Torres,et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.
[3] M. Jacobs,et al. Susceptibilities of Penicillin- and Erythromycin-Susceptible and -Resistant Pneumococci to HMR 3647 (RU 66647), a New Ketolide, Compared with Susceptibilities to 17 Other Agents , 1998, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[4] Schwartz Js,et al. The Clinical Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccine in the Elderly , 1988 .
[5] P. Mäkelä,et al. Risk factors for pneumonia in the elderly. , 1994, The American journal of medicine.
[6] W. Craig,et al. A comparison of cefditoren pivoxil and amoxicillin/ clavulanate in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded, parallel-group study. , 2002, Clinical therapeutics.
[7] Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones--United States, 1995-1999. , 2001, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[8] Malbea A Lapete,et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Prevention and Control of Influenza Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (acip) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epidemiology Program Office Early Release 1 Prevention and Control of Influenza Recommendations of the Advis , 2022 .
[9] N. Miyashita,et al. In vitro activity of telithromycin, a new ketolide, against Chlamydia pneumoniae. , 2001, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[10] W Schaffner,et al. Tularemia: A 30‐Year Experience With 88 Cases , 1985, Medicine.
[11] R. Holman,et al. Discriminators between hantavirus-infected and -uninfected persons enrolled in a trial of intravenous ribavirin for presumptive hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[12] L. Hagberg,et al. Telithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a pooled analysis. , 2003, Respiratory medicine.
[13] M. Kolczak,et al. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.
[14] Louis T van Zyl,et al. Cefditoren pivoxil versus cefpodoxime proxetil for community-acquired pneumonia: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind study. , 2002, Clinical therapeutics.
[15] J. Lau,et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the comparative efficacy and safety of azithromycin against other antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections. , 2001, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[16] P. Cuddy,et al. Fluoroquinolone Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis , 2002, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.
[17] Karen McAulay,et al. Effects of influenza vaccination of health-care workers on mortality of elderly people in long-term care: a randomised controlled trial , 2000, The Lancet.
[18] Philip K. Russell,et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. , 2001, JAMA.
[19] D. Battleman,et al. Rapid antibiotic delivery and appropriate antibiotic selection reduce length of hospital stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: link between quality of care and resource utilization. , 2002, Archives of internal medicine.
[20] L. Brammer,et al. Influenza surveillance--United States, 1992-93 and 1993-94. , 1997, MMWR. CDC surveillance summaries : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. CDC surveillance summaries.
[21] M. Leinonen,et al. role of serum troponin levels combined with electrocardiographic findings Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines , 2001 .
[22] B. Marston,et al. Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality. , 1994, Archives of internal medicine.
[23] Steven D. Brown,et al. In vitro activity of telithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to other antibiotics, including cefotaxime. , 2002, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[24] H. Sacks,et al. The Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Persons , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.
[25] T. Marrie,et al. Antibiotic therapy for ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia in an emergency department setting. , 2003, Archives of internal medicine.
[26] D. Stott,et al. Influenza Vaccination of Health Care Workers in Long-Term-Care Hospitals Reduces the Mortality of Elderly Patients , 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.
[27] P. Black. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.
[28] J. Hughes,et al. Antimicrobial-Drug Prescription in Ambulatory Care Settings, United States, 1992–2000 , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.
[29] P. Kaufman. PNEUMONIA IN OLD AGE: Active Immunization Against Pneumonia with Pneumococcus Polysaccharide; Results of a Six Year Study , 1947 .
[30] M. Jacobs,et al. Activity of cefditoren against respiratory pathogens. , 2002, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[31] S. Twu,et al. Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[32] L. Kaiser,et al. Hospitalizing influenza in adults. , 1999, Current clinical topics in infectious diseases.
[33] F. Hayden,et al. Selection of influenza virus mutants in experimentally infected volunteers treated with oseltamivir. , 2001, The Journal of infectious diseases.
[34] J. Gerberding,et al. Update: Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[35] M. Ferraro. The Rise of Fluoroquinolone Resistance: Fact or Fiction , 2002, Journal of chemotherapy.
[36] P. Ward,et al. Use of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in experimental human influenza: randomized controlled trials for prevention and treatment. , 1999, JAMA.
[37] T. Marrie,et al. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin. , 2000, JAMA.
[38] L. Mandell,et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[39] D. Low,et al. A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[40] A. Schuchat,et al. The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antimicrobial agents: a 6-year population-based assessment. , 2000, The Journal of infectious diseases.
[41] G. Doern,et al. Antimicrobial Resistance with Streptococcus Pneumoniae in the United States , 2000, Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine.
[42] L. Danziger,et al. Intrapulmonary steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in healthy adult volunteers , 1997, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.
[43] R. Breiman,et al. Prevention of pneumococcal disease : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) , 1997 .
[44] G. Doern,et al. Worldwide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[45] T. File,et al. Efficacy and safety of gemifloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind comparison with trovafloxacin. , 2001, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[46] P. Ward,et al. Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. US Oral Neuraminidase Study Group. , 2000, JAMA.
[47] G. Wewalka,et al. Clinical Utility of Urinary Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Community-Acquired, Travel-Associated, and Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease , 2003, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
[48] James R. Johnson. Doxycycline for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[49] F. Baquero,et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of 1,684 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 2,039 Streptococcus pyogenesIsolates and Their Ecological Relationships: Results of a 1-Year (1998–1999) Multicenter Surveillance Study in Spain , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[50] K G Moons,et al. Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection. , 2001, Archives of internal medicine.
[51] G. Royo,et al. Evaluation of the immunochromatographic Binax NOW assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen in a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia in Spain. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[52] G. Woods,et al. A study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ertapenem versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[53] M. Leinonen,et al. Microbial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the adult population of 4 municipalities in eastern Finland. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[54] D E Low,et al. Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.
[55] A. Cross,et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in high-risk patients. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.
[56] V. Yu,et al. New Directions for Future Studies of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Optimizing Impact on Patient Care , 1999, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
[57] Facilitating influenza and pneumococcal vaccination through standing orders programs. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[58] W. Kapoor,et al. New and Emerging Etiologies for Community‐Acquired Pneumonia with Implications for Therapy: A Prospective Multicenter Study of 359 Cases , 1990, Medicine.
[59] Ken-Ichiro Inoue,et al. Fatal Pneumococcal Pneumonia Attributed to Macrolide Resistance and Azithromycin Monotherapy , 2000 .
[60] E. Walsh,et al. Human metapneumovirus infections in young and elderly adults. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.
[61] S. Walter,et al. Risk factors for pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections in elderly residents of long-term care facilities. , 1999, Archives of internal medicine.
[62] D. Schwartz,et al. Exposure of Laboratory Workers to Francisella tularensis despite a Bioterrorism Procedure , 2002, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
[63] M. Loeb,et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of group a streptococcal pneumonia in Ontario, Canada. , 2003, Archives of internal medicine.
[64] L. Hagberg,et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Once-Daily Telithromycin Compared with High-Dose Amoxicillin for Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia , 2002, Infection.
[65] J. Dixon. PNEUMOCOCCUS RESISTANT TO ERYTHROMYCIN AND LINCOMYCIN , 1967 .
[66] C. Bridges,et al. Using live, attenuated influenza vaccine for prevention and control of influenza: supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). , 2003, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.
[67] W. Scheld,et al. Maintaining Fluoroquinolone Class Efficacy: Review of Influencing Factors , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.
[68] M. Fisch,et al. Preventing pneumococcal bacteremia in patients at risk. Results of a matched case-control study. , 1995, Archives of internal medicine.
[69] Jerome Hauer,et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. , 2002, JAMA.
[70] Xilin Zhao,et al. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.
[71] A. Rosenstein,et al. Timing Is Everything: Impact of Emergency Department Care on Hospital Length of Stay , 2000 .
[72] D. Low,et al. Is resistance futile? , 2003, Nature Medicine.
[73] T. File,et al. Efficacy and safety of gemifloxacin 320 mg once-daily for 7 days in the treatment of adult lower respiratory tract infections. , 2001, International journal of antimicrobial agents.
[74] P. Nikolaides,et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of Sequential Intravenous (i.v.) and Oral Moxifloxacin Compared with Sequential i.v. and Oral Co-Amoxiclav with or without Clarithromycin in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Initial Parenteral Treatment , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[75] P. Courvalin,et al. Two New Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Clinical Strains ofStreptococcus pneumoniae from Eastern Europe and North America , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[76] Keiji Fukuda,et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. , 2003, JAMA.
[77] Ronald N. Jones,et al. Worldwide Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Pharmacodynamic Comparisons of Gatifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae: Report from the Antimicrobial Resistance Rate Epidemiology Study Team , 2003, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[78] P. Reiss,et al. Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[79] A. Evangelista,et al. Regional trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States: results from the TRUST Surveillance Program, 1999-2000. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[80] S. Cammarata,et al. Linezolid Versus Ceftriaxone/Cefpodoxime in Patients Hospitalized for the Treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia , 2002, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.
[81] I. Friedland. Comparison of the response to antimicrobial therapy of penicillin‐resistant and penicillin‐susceptible pneumococcal disease , 1995, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.
[82] Susan R. Johnson,et al. Macrolide Resistance among Invasive Streptococcus Pneumoniae Isolates , 2022 .
[83] S. Osajima. [VIRAL PNEUMONIA]. , 1963, Naika. Internal medicine.
[84] S. Kohno,et al. Community-acquired respiratory tract infections caused by resistant pneumococci: clinical and bacteriological efficacy of the ketolide telithromycin. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[85] G. Sarosi,et al. Azithromycin vs cefuroxime plus erythromycin for empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.
[86] R. Carlucci,et al. Evaluation of a rapid test (QuickVue) compared with the shell vial assay for detection of influenza virus clearance after antiviral treatment. , 2003, Journal of virological methods.
[87] P. Geslin,et al. Once-daily sparfloxacin versus high-dosage amoxicillin in the treatment of community-acquired, suspected pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. Sparfloxacin European Study Group. , 1998, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[88] E. Choi,et al. Clinical outcome of invasive infections by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Korean children. , 1998, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[89] J. Wu,et al. Telithromycin- and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan with High Prevalence of Resistance to Macrolides and β-Lactams: SMART Program 2001 Data , 2003, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[90] G. Doern,et al. Prevalence of macrolide resistance mechanisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a multicenter antibiotic resistance surveillance study conducted in the United States in 1994-1995. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[91] G. Sarosi,et al. Evaluation of the Winthrop-University Hospital criteria to identify Legionella pneumonia. , 2001, Chest.
[92] B. Rasoamanana,et al. [Sensitivity of Yersinia pestis to antibiotics: 277 strains isolated in Madagascar between 1926 and 1989]. , 1989, Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Madagascar.
[93] P. Edelstein. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Legionnaires Disease: Time for a Change , 1998, Annals of Internal Medicine.
[94] J. Bartlett,et al. GUIDELINES FROM THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY OF AMERICA Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults: Guidelines for Management , 1998 .
[95] B. Weisblum. Pneumococcus resistant to erythromycin and lincomycin. , 1967, Lancet.
[96] B. Plikaytis,et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979-1987. The Pneumococcal Surveillance Working Group. , 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.
[97] D Draper,et al. Measuring quality of care with explicit process criteria before and after implementation of the DRG-based prospective payment system. , 1990, JAMA.
[98] D. Fleming,et al. Cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases among protected health-care workers--Toronto, Canada, April 2003. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[99] Malik Peiris,et al. Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus , 2003, Nature.
[100] J. A. Comer,et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.
[101] Fatal human plague--Arizona and Colorado, 1996. , 1997, Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada.
[102] B. Greenwood,et al. Evaluation of Binax now Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test in children in a community with a high carriage rate of pneumococcus. , 2001, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.
[103] Michael J Fine,et al. Testing Strategies in the Initial Management of Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.
[104] P. Edelstein,et al. In Vitro Activity of the Ketolide HMR 3647 (RU 6647) for Legionella spp., Its Pharmacokinetics in Guinea Pigs, and Use of the Drug To Treat Guinea Pigs withLegionella pneumophila Pneumonia , 1999, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[105] C. Muller-Serieys,et al. Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Telithromycin, a New Ketolide, in Healthy Japanese Volunteers , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[106] B. Bozdoğan,et al. Incidence, Epidemiology, and Characteristics of Quinolone- Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in Croatia , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[107] C. Cabellos,et al. Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.
[108] R. Leclercq,et al. Resistance to Macrolides and Related Antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[109] A. Schuchat,et al. Mortality from invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance, 1995-1997. , 2000, American journal of public health.
[110] R. Wunderink,et al. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. , 2001, Archives of internal medicine.
[111] M. Fine,et al. Instability on hospital discharge and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia. , 2002, Archives of internal medicine.
[112] A. Torres,et al. Pneumonia acquired in the community through drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.
[113] G. Doern. Antimicrobial use and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[114] W. Olson,et al. A multicenter, open-label, randomized comparison of levofloxacin and azithromycin plus ceftriaxone in hospitalized adults with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. , 2002, Clinical therapeutics.
[115] C. P. Quinn,et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. , 2001, Emerging infectious diseases.
[116] Christian Drosten,et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.
[117] P. Rhomberg,et al. Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in United States since 1994-1995 , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[118] D. Snydman,et al. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[119] R. Adair,et al. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.
[120] D. Yealy. Translating the Pneumonia Severity Index into Practice: A Trial to Influence the Admission Decision , 2002 .
[121] Anil T Ahuja,et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: radiographic appearances and pattern of progression in 138 patients. , 2003, Radiology.
[122] J. Kolman,et al. Susceptibilities to Telithromycin and Six Other Agents and Prevalence of Macrolide Resistance Due to L4 Ribosomal Protein Mutation among 992 Pneumococci from 10 Central and Eastern European Countries , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[123] L. Mandell,et al. Oral gemifloxacin versus sequential therapy with intravenous ceftriaxone/oral cefuroxime with or without a macrolide in the treatment of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, open-label, multicenter study of clinical efficacy and tolerability. , 2002, Clinical therapeutics.
[124] J. Bartlett,et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.
[125] D. Murdoch,et al. Diagnosis of Legionella Infection , 2002 .
[126] C. Prat,et al. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen by a rapid immunochromatographic assay in urine samples. , 2001, Chest.
[127] F. Hayden,et al. Impact of zanamivir on antibiotic use for respiratory events following acute influenza in adolescents and adults. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.
[128] J. Bosso,et al. Comparative activity of gatifloxacin and other antibiotics against 4009 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States during 1999-2000. , 2002, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.
[129] J. Dorca,et al. Usefulness of betalactam therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in the era of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a randomized study of amoxicillin-clavulanate and ceftriaxone. , 2001, Microbial drug resistance.
[130] M. Leinonen,et al. Randomised trial of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in prevention of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly people , 1998, The Lancet.
[131] Philip K. Russell,et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. , 1999, JAMA.
[132] K. Klugman. The role of clonality in the global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[133] C. Whitney,et al. Cost-Effectiveness of Vaccination against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among People 50 through 64 Years of Age: Role of Comorbid Conditions and Race , 2003, Annals of Internal Medicine.
[134] A. Tomasz,et al. Molecular characterization of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing respiratory disease in the United States. , 1998, Microbial drug resistance.
[135] C. Whitney,et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Older Adults Residing in Long‐Term Care Facilities and in the Community , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
[136] P. Rhomberg,et al. Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae in the United States during 1999–2000, Including a Comparison of Resistance Rates since 1994–1995 , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[137] S. Dowell,et al. Evaluation of Binax NOW, an assay for the detection of pneumococcal antigen in urine samples, performed among pediatric patients. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[138] R. Titball,et al. Efficacy of doxycycline and ciprofloxacin against experimental Yersinia pestis infection. , 1998, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[139] D. Landman,et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Brooklyn, New York: Fluoroquinolone Resistance at our Doorstep , 2002, Emerging infectious diseases.
[140] M. Pfaller,et al. Use of Penicillin MICs To Predict In Vitro Activity of Other β-Lactam Antimicrobial Agents againstStreptococcus pneumoniae , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
[141] D. Murdoch,et al. Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Test for Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae Antigen in Urine Samples from Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
[142] J. Dorca,et al. Efficacy and Safety of Sequential Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in the Treatment of Anaerobic Lung Infections , 2003, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
[143] H. Faden,et al. Urinary excretion of pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharide in children. , 2002, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.
[144] M. Kolczak,et al. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease , 2000 .
[145] D. Xuan,et al. Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Clarithromycin in a Murine Model of Pneumococcal Pneumonia , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[146] T. Quinn,et al. Oral gatifloxacin in outpatient community-acquired pneumonia: results from TeqCES, a community-based, open-label, multicenter study. , 2002, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.
[147] V. Cheng,et al. Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a case-control study. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[148] T. Busman,et al. A controlled, double-blind, multicenter study comparing clarithromycin extended-release tablets and levofloxacin tablets in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. , 2002, Clinical therapeutics.
[149] R. Leclercq. Will resistance to ketolides develop in Streptococcus pneumoniae? , 2002, The Journal of infection.
[150] M. Delaforge,et al. Conformational analysis of ketolide, conformations of RU 004 in solution and bound to bacterial ribosomes. , 1998, Journal of medicinal chemistry.
[151] John Mullooly,et al. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.
[152] D. Sahm,et al. Analysis of Ciprofloxacin Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae after 10 Years of Use in the United States , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[153] Norbert Vetter,et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter comparison of parenteral ertapenem and ceftriaxone for the treatment of hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia. , 2002, Clinical therapeutics.
[154] Pneumonia and influenza death rates--United States, 1979-1994. , 1995, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[155] D. Fleming,et al. Human Metapneumovirus as a Cause of Community-Acquired Respiratory Illness , 2002, Emerging infectious diseases.
[156] D. Looke,et al. Delay in appropriate therapy ofLegionella pneumonia associated with increased mortality , 1996, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
[157] J. Schellekens,et al. UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) A large outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease at a flower show , the Netherlands , 1999 , 2001 .
[158] Michael J Fine,et al. Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[159] John J. Treanor,et al. Efficacy and Safety of the Oral Neuraminidase Inhibitor Oseltamivir in Treating Acute Influenza , 2000 .
[160] P. Marik,et al. Influenza pneumonia: a descriptive study. , 2001, Chest.
[161] The urinary antigen test for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. , 2001, Chest.
[162] W. Peetermans,et al. Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteraemia in patients treated with clarithromycin or oral beta-lactams. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[163] Philip K. Russell,et al. Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. , 2000, JAMA.
[164] M. Fine,et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. , 1997, JAMA.
[165] J. Schwartz,et al. The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly. , 1988, Annals of internal medicine.
[166] Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[167] 韩旭东,et al. Viral pneumonia , 2004 .
[168] J. Sobel,et al. Invasive candidiasis: turning risk into a practical prevention policy? , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[169] E. Perea,et al. Uptake and intracellular activity of ketolide HMR 3647 in human phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. , 2001, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
[170] Onchee Yu,et al. Effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in older adults. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.
[171] Updated interim surveillance case definition for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)--United States, April 29, 2003. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[172] A. Goglio,et al. Urinary detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen for diagnosis of pneumonia. , 2002, The new microbiologica.
[173] Laurent Kaiser,et al. Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors , 2000, The Lancet.
[174] J. Schellekens,et al. A Large Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease at a Flower Show, the Netherlands, 1999 , 2002, Emerging infectious diseases.
[175] P. Gilligan,et al. Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteremia in patients being treated with azithromycin and clarithromycin. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[176] Marc Lipsitch,et al. Geographic diversity and temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States , 2003, Nature Medicine.
[177] R. Holman,et al. Intravenous Ribavirin for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Safety and Tolerance during 1 Year of Open-Label Experience , 1998, Antiviral therapy.
[178] A. Benin,et al. An outbreak of travel-associated Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever: the need for enhanced surveillance of travel-associated legionellosis in the United States. , 2002, The Journal of infectious diseases.
[179] Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. , 1997, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.
[180] D. Musher,et al. Emergence of macrolide resistance during treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.
[181] M. Mallaret,et al. [Clinical trial of an antipneumococcal vaccine in elderly subjects living in institutions]. , 1985, Revue d'epidemiologie et de sante publique.
[182] F. Martinez,et al. Clinical relevance of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for community-acquired pneumonia. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[183] R. Muder. Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities: epidemiology, etiology, management, and prevention. , 1998, The American journal of medicine.
[184] R. Couch,et al. Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions. , 2000, JAMA.
[185] D A Henderson,et al. The looming threat of bioterrorism. , 1999, Science.
[186] R. McGarvey,et al. Pneumonia mortality reduction and quality improvement in a community hospital. , 1993, QRB. Quality review bulletin.
[187] J. Amouroux,et al. Assessment of a fluoroquinolone, three beta-lactams, two aminoglycosides, and a cycline in treatment of murine Yersinia pestis infection , 1994, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[188] J. Ruiz,et al. Comparative study of Legionella pneumophila and other nosocomial-acquired pneumonias. , 1991, Chest.
[189] J. Bartlett,et al. A fresh look at the definition of susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to beta-lactam antibiotics. , 2001, Archives of internal medicine.
[190] L. Mandell,et al. What is optimal antimicrobial therapy for bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia? , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[191] J. P. Davis,et al. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). , 1997, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.
[192] J. Justman,et al. Penicillin resistance and other predictors of mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[193] Fatal human plague--Arizona and Colorado, 1996. , 1997, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[194] K. Bush,et al. Bacteremic pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pneumococci in 3 patients treated unsuccessfully with azithromycin and successfully with levofloxacin. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[195] M. Leinonen,et al. Clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, single-blind population-based trial. , 1997, The American journal of medicine.
[196] M. Hammerschlag,et al. Efficacy and safety of gemifloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind comparison with trovafloxacin. , 2001, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[197] A. E. Physicians. Clinical policy for the management and risk stratification of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in the emergency department. , 2001, Annals of emergency medicine.
[198] L. H. Hansen,et al. The macrolide–ketolide antibiotic binding site is formed by structures in domains II and V of 23S ribosomal RNA , 1999, Molecular microbiology.
[199] D. Haake,et al. Early treatment with acyclovir for varicella pneumonia in otherwise healthy adults: retrospective controlled study and review. , 1990, Reviews of infectious diseases.
[200] A. Schuchat,et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.
[201] J. Marimón,et al. Spain14-5 international multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clone resistant to fluoroquinolones and other families of antibiotics. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[202] J. Morera,et al. Comparative study of the clinical presentation of Legionella pneumonia and other community-acquired pneumonias. , 1998, Chest.
[203] Julie A. Pavlin,et al. Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook [Third Edition] , 1998 .
[204] M. Fine,et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.
[205] R. Roldán,et al. Progression of chronic hepatitis C to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[206] J. Pullman,et al. EFFICACY AND TOLERABILITY OF ONCE‐DAILY ORAL THERAPY WITH TELITHROMYCIN COMPARED WITH TROVAFLOXACIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF COMMUNITY‐ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS , 2003, International journal of clinical practice.
[207] T. Ng,et al. Increasing resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones: results of a Hong Kong multicentre study in 2000. , 2001, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[208] J. Bartlett,et al. Community‐Acquired Pneumonia: Impact of Immune Status , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.
[209] R. Jacobs,et al. Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature. , 1994, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[210] R. Wunderink,et al. Fatal pneumococcal pneumonia attributed to macrolide resistance and azithromycin monotherapy. , 2000, Chest.
[211] L. Poon,et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia : a prospective study , 2003 .
[212] Arthur S Slutsky,et al. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.
[213] K. Bowker,et al. In-vitro activity of HMR 3647 against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and beta-haemolytic streptococci. , 1999, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[214] Thomas V Inglesby,et al. Management of anthrax. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[215] J. Karlowsky,et al. Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[216] M. Fine,et al. Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia. , 1999, Archives of internal medicine.
[217] J. Bates,et al. Treatment of tularemia, including pulmonary tularemia, with gentamicin. , 1980, The American review of respiratory disease.
[218] F. Hayden,et al. Performance of virus isolation and Directigen Flu A to detect influenza A virus in experimental human infection. , 1999, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.
[219] Á. Soriano,et al. Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[220] R. Breiman,et al. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy. An evaluation of current recommendations. , 1993, JAMA.
[221] D. Fleming,et al. Tularemia--United States, 1990-2000. , 2002, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.
[222] R. Peeling,et al. Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[223] T. File,et al. A multicenter, randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of intravenous and/or oral levofloxacin versus ceftriaxone and/or cefuroxime axetil in treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia , 1997, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.
[224] D. Musher,et al. Nonspecificity of assaying for IgG antibody to pneumolysin in circulating immune complexes as a means to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[225] D. Church,et al. Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000 , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
[226] M. Mufson,et al. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American City: a 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997. , 1999, The American journal of medicine.
[227] R. S. Levy,et al. Clindamycin compared with penicillin for the treatment of anaerobic lung abscess. , 1983, Annals of internal medicine.
[228] Dori B. Reissman,et al. Clinical features that discriminate inhalational anthrax from other acute respiratory illnesses. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[229] M. Chan-yeung,et al. A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.
[230] B. Feagan. A Controlled Trial of a Critical Pathway for Treating Community‐Acquired Pneumonia: The CAPITAL Study , 2001, Pharmacotherapy.
[231] A. Limaye,et al. Treatment of tularemia with fluoroquinolones: two cases and review. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
[232] Christian Drosten,et al. Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , 2003, Science.
[233] J. Dorca,et al. Clindamycin vs penicillin for anaerobic lung infections. High rate of penicillin failures associated with penicillin-resistant Bacteroides melaninogenicus. , 1990, Archives of internal medicine.
[234] M. Fine,et al. Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. , 1997, Archives of internal medicine.
[235] J. Rello,et al. Legionnaires' disease: a rational approach to therapy. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
[236] A. Schuchat,et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.
[237] J E Stahl,et al. Effect of macrolides as part of initial empiric therapy on length of stay in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. , 1999, Archives of internal medicine.