Parenting behaviors and the occurrence and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and conduct problems among african american children.

The occurrence and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and conduct problems were examined in the context of parenting behaviors in a community-based sample of 897 African American children and their primary caregivers using a multi-informant, longitudinal design. Parenting behaviors and clinical symptoms were assessed in 2 waves, when the children averaged 10.5 and 12.3 years of age. Parenting behaviors differed significantly according to a child's symptomatology; (a) that is, when a child exhibited no depressive or conduct problems, (b) depressive problems only, (c) conduct problems only, or (d) co-occurring depressive and conduct problems. When parenting behaviors were examined according to changes in children's symptom levels, children whose symptoms increased over time reported increases in hostility and harsh-inconsistent parenting and decreases in warmth and nurturant-involved parenting.

[1]  C. Cutrona,et al.  Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis , 2002, Development and Psychopathology.

[2]  G. Brody,et al.  Psychosocial Adjustment of African American Children in Single-Mother Families: A Test of Three Risk Models , 2002 .

[3]  Julia Smith,et al.  Physical discipline and behavior problems in African American, European American, and Hispanic children: Emotional support as a moderator. , 2002 .

[4]  R. Hough,et al.  Childhood and Adolescent Onset Conduct Disorder: A Test of the Developmental Taxonomy , 2001, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[5]  G. Donenberg,et al.  Maternal Control and Adolescent Depression: Ethnic Differences Among Clinically Referred Girls , 2001 .

[6]  P. Lewinsohn,et al.  Clinical implications of "subthreshold" depressive symptoms. , 2000, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[7]  R. Forehand,et al.  Family Processes as Resources for African American Children Exposed to a Constellation of Sociodemographic Risk Factors , 2000, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[8]  J. Hektner,et al.  Persistence and desistance of oppositional defiant disorder in a community sample of children with ADHD. , 1999, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[9]  R. Conger,et al.  First onset of depressive or anxiety disorders predicted by the longitudinal course of internalizing symptoms and parent-adolescent disagreements. , 1999, Archives of general psychiatry.

[10]  P. Lewinsohn,et al.  Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. , 1998, Clinical psychology review.

[11]  R. Aseltine,et al.  The co-occurrence of depression and substance abuse in late adolescence , 1998, Development and Psychopathology.

[12]  G. S. Pettit,et al.  Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: Group and individual differences , 1998, Development and Psychopathology.

[13]  J. Phinney,et al.  Research Paradigms for Studying Ethnic Minority Families Within and Across Groups , 1998 .

[14]  L. Steinberg,et al.  Studying Minority Adolescents : Conceptual, Methodological, and Theoretical Issues , 1998 .

[15]  K. Dodge,et al.  Externalizing Behavior Problems and Discipline Revisited: Nonlinear Effects and Variation by Culture, Context, and Gender , 1997 .

[16]  R. Simons,et al.  Parenting behaviors and the occurrence and co-occurrence of adolescent depressive symptoms and conduct problems. , 1996 .

[17]  J. Beaman,et al.  Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior , 1996, American journal of community psychology.

[18]  I. Gotlib,et al.  Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: differences in psychosocial functioning. , 1995, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[19]  J. Weisz,et al.  Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: a meta-analysis. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[20]  J. Beaman,et al.  The impact of mothers' parenting, involvement by nonresidential fathers, and parental conflict on the adjustment of adolescent children. , 1994 .

[21]  S. Campbell.  Hard-to-manage preschool boys: Externalizing behavior, social competence, and family context at two-year followup , 1994, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[22]  R. Simons,et al.  Parents' stressful life events and adolescent depressed mood. , 1994, Journal of health and social behavior.

[23]  E. Costello,et al.  Depressive comorbidity in children and adolescents: empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues. , 1993, The American journal of psychiatry.

[24]  M Davies,et al.  The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised Version (DISC-R): I. Preparation, field testing, interrater reliability, and acceptability. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[25]  M. Davies,et al.  The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised Version (DISC-R): II. Test-retest reliability. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[26]  S. Perrin,et al.  Anxiety disorders in African-American and white children , 1993, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[27]  R. Bland.  Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study , 1992 .

[28]  D. Capaldi.  Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8 , 1992, Development and Psychopathology.

[29]  M. Rutter,et al.  Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. , 1991, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[30]  D. Capaldi.  Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: I. Familial factors and general adjustment at Grade 6 , 1991, Development and Psychopathology.

[31]  J. Jackson.  Life in Black America , 1991 .

[32]  A. Petersen,et al.  Adolescent depression: Why more girls? , 1991, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[33]  G. S. Pettit,et al.  Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. , 1990, Science.

[34]  John H. Grych,et al.  Marital conflict and children's adjustment: a cognitive-contextual framework. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[35]  L. Berkowitz.  Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. , 1989, Psychological bulletin.

[36]  J. Block,et al.  Depressive symptoms and personality during late adolescence: gender differences in the externalization-internalization of symptom expression. , 1988, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[37]  D. Cole,et al.  Family interaction patterns and childhood depression , 1986, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[38]  M. Rutter,et al.  The domain of developmental psychopathology. , 1984, Child development.

[39]  G. Patterson,et al.  Coercive Family Process , 1982 .

[40]  J BERKSON,et al.  Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. , 1946, Biometrics.

[41]  G. Brody,et al.  Economic pressure in African American families: a replication and extension of the family stress model. , 2002, Developmental psychology.

[42]  D. Shaw,et al.  Infant and toddler pathways leading to early externalizing disorders. , 2001, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[43]  D. Shaffer,et al.  NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. , 2000, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[44]  Phil A. Silva,et al.  Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. , 1998, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[45]  P. Jensen,et al.  Comorbidity of disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental perspectives. , 1995 .

[46]  C. Hammen,et al.  UNMASKING UNMASKED DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: THE PROBLEM OF COMORBIDITY , 1994 .

[47]  R. Kessler,et al.  Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. , 1994, Archives of general psychiatry.

[48]  M. Dadds,et al.  Childhood depression and conduct disorder: I. Behavioral, affective, and cognitive aspects of family problem-solving interactions. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[49]  D. Gelfand.  The effects of maternal depression on children , 1990 .

[50]  C. Borduin,et al.  Parent-child relations and the etiology of depression: A review of methods and findings , 1986 .

[51]  D. Barlow,et al.  A social learning approach, vol. 3: Coercive family process , 1984 .

[52]  Benjamin B. Lahey,et al.  Advances in Clinical Child Psychology , 1980, Advances in Clinical Child Psychology.