The role of indicator selection in nowcasting euro-area GDP in pseudo-real time

Building on the literature on regularization and dimension reduction methods, the paper presents a quarterly forecasting model for euro-area GDP. The pseudo-real-time nature of the information set is accounted for as the pattern of publication lags is explicitly considered. Forecast evaluation exercises show that predictions obtained through various dimension reduction methods outperform both the benchmark AR and the diffusion index model without preselected indicators. Moreover, forecast combination significantly reduces forecast error.

[1]  K. Lahiri,et al.  Specification Error Analysis with Stochastic Regressors , 1983 .

[2]  George Kapetanios,et al.  Are More Data Always Better for Factor Analysis' Results for the Euro Area, the Six Largest Euro Area Countries and the UK , 2009, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[3]  Domenico Giannone,et al.  Nowcasting GDP and Inflation: The Real Time Informational Content of Macroeconomic Data Releases , 2005 .

[4]  Ray C. Fair,et al.  Testing Macroeconometric Models , 1995 .

[5]  Massimiliano Marcellino,et al.  Midas Vs. Mixed-Frequency VAR: Nowcasting GDP in the Euro Area , 2009 .

[6]  Mauro Costantini,et al.  Combining Forecasts Based on Multiple Encompassing Tests in a Macroeconomic Core System , 2011 .

[7]  Massimiliano Marcellino,et al.  Unrestricted mixed data sampling (MIDAS): MIDAS regressions with unrestricted lag polynomials , 2015 .

[8]  Roberto Golinelli,et al.  Real-time squared: A real-time data set for real-time GDP forecasting , 2008 .

[9]  Olivier Darné,et al.  Monthly GDP Forecasting Using Bridge Models: Application for the French Economy , 2012 .

[10]  J. Stock,et al.  Forecasting Using Principal Components From a Large Number of Predictors , 2002 .

[11]  Roberto Golinelli,et al.  Forecasting industrial production in the Euro area , 2000 .

[12]  J. Bai,et al.  Determining the Number of Factors in Approximate Factor Models , 2000 .

[13]  Glenn D. Rudebusch,et al.  Forecasting Output with the Composite Leading Index: A Real-Time Analysis , 1991 .

[14]  Michael P. Clements,et al.  Pooling of Forecasts , 2004 .

[15]  Michael P. Clements,et al.  Macroeconomic Forecasting with Mixed Frequency Data: Forecasting Us Output Growth and Inflation , 2006 .

[16]  Tom Stark and Dean Croushore Forecasting with a Real-Time Data Set for Macroeconomists , 2001 .

[17]  L. Klein,et al.  Combinations of High and Low Frequency Data in Macroeconometric Models , 1989 .

[18]  Christiaan Heij,et al.  Real-time macroeconomic forecasting with leading indicators: An empirical comparison , 2011 .

[19]  Massimiliano Marcellino,et al.  Selecting Predictors by Using Bayesian Model Averaging in Bridge Models , 2012 .

[20]  M. Marcellino,et al.  Forecasting Economic Activity with Higher Frequency Targeted Predictors , 2012 .

[21]  Mark W. Watson,et al.  Generalized Shrinkage Methods for Forecasting Using Many Predictors , 2012 .

[22]  Massimiliano Marcellino,et al.  Realtime nowcasting with a Bayesian mixed frequency model with stochastic volatility , 2012, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A,.

[23]  Serena Ng,et al.  Variable Selection in Predictive Regressions , 2013 .

[24]  Alessandro Girardi,et al.  The Role of Survey Data in Nowcasting Euro Area GDP Growth , 2016 .

[25]  Marco Lippi,et al.  Coincident and leading indicators for the Euro area , 2001 .

[26]  Ataman Ozyildirim,et al.  A More Timely and Useful Index of Leading Indicators , 2003 .

[27]  Christian Schumacher,et al.  POOLING VERSUS MODEL SELECTION FOR NOWCASTING GDP WITH MANY PREDICTORS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR SIX INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES , 2013 .

[28]  Marie Bessec,et al.  Short-Term Forecasts of French GDP: A Dynamic Factor Model with Targeted Predictors , 2012 .

[29]  D. Guégan,et al.  GDP nowcasting with ragged-edge data : A semi-parametric modelling , 2008 .

[30]  Riccardo Cristadoro,et al.  Short-Term Forecasting of GDP Using Large Monthly Datasets – A Pseudo Real-Time Forecast Evaluation Exercise , 2008 .

[31]  K. Hubrich Forecasting Euro Area Inflation: Does Aggregating Forecasts by Hicp Component Improve Forecast Accuracy? , 2003 .

[32]  George Kapetanios,et al.  Forecasting inflation and GDP growth using heuristic optimisation of information criteria and variable reduction methods , 2016, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[33]  Jean Boivin,et al.  Monetary Policy in a Data-Rich Environment , 2001 .

[34]  Serena Ng,et al.  Dynamic Hierarchical Factor Models , 2011 .

[35]  David H. Small,et al.  Nowcasting: the real time informational content of macroeconomic data releases , 2008 .

[36]  Maximo Camacho,et al.  Finite Sample Performance of Small Versus Large Scale Dynamic Factor Models , 2012 .

[37]  Gary Koop,et al.  Forecasting in Dynamic Factor Models Using Bayesian Model Averaging , 2004 .

[38]  Barhoumi Karim,et al.  DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DES ÉTUDES ET DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES NOWCASTING GERMAN GDP: A COMPARISON OF BRIDGE AND FACTOR MODELS , 2012 .

[39]  K. Lahiri,et al.  Forecasting Consumption: The Role of Consumer Confidence in Real Time with Many Predictors , 2015 .

[40]  J. Bai,et al.  Forecasting economic time series using targeted predictors , 2008 .

[41]  Kajal Lahiri,et al.  A Note on "Selection of Regressors." , 1984 .

[42]  Domenico Giannone,et al.  Nowcasting Euro Area Economic Activity in Real Time: The Role of Confidence Indicators , 2009, National Institute Economic Review.

[43]  Z. Griliches,et al.  Is aggregation necessarily bad , 1960 .

[44]  J. Stock,et al.  Evidence on Structural Instability in Macroeconomic Time Series Relations , 1994 .

[45]  Christian Schumacher,et al.  Factor Forecasting Using International Targeted Predictors: The Case of German GDP , 2010, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[46]  J. Stock,et al.  Forecasting with Many Predictors , 2006 .

[47]  Jörg Breitung,et al.  Real-Time Forecasting of GDP Based on a Large Factor Model with Monthly and Quarterly Data , 2007, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[48]  Tae-Hwy Lee,et al.  To Combine Forecasts or to Combine Information? , 2010 .

[49]  Maximo Camacho,et al.  Markov-Switching Dynamic Factor Models in Real Time , 2012, International Journal of Forecasting.

[50]  J. Stock,et al.  Macroeconomic Forecasting Using Diffusion Indexes , 2002 .

[51]  Roberto Golinelli,et al.  Forecasting monthly industrial production in real-time: from single equations to factor-based models , 2010 .

[52]  F. Diebold,et al.  Comparing Predictive Accuracy , 1994, Business Cycles.

[53]  D. Giannone,et al.  Now-Casting and the Real-time Data Flow , 2012, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[54]  Filip Keereman,et al.  An indicator-based short-term forecast for quarterly GDP in the euro area , 2001 .

[55]  Nowcasting Irish GDP , 2013 .

[56]  Paul Newbold,et al.  Testing the equality of prediction mean squared errors , 1997 .

[57]  Marie Diron,et al.  Short-Term Forecasts of Euro Area Real GDP Growth: An Assessment of Real-Time Performance Based on Vintage Data , 2006, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[58]  Tracking world trade and GDP in real time , 2014 .

[59]  Christian Schumacher,et al.  Bayesian estimation of sparse dynamic factor models with order-independent identification , 2013 .

[60]  Marta Bańbura,et al.  A Look into the Factor Model Black Box: Publication Lags and the Role of Hard and Soft Data in Forecasting GDP , 2007, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[61]  Michael P. Clements,et al.  Forecasting from Mis-specified Models in the Presence of Unanticipated Location Shifts , 2011 .

[62]  Domenico Giannone,et al.  Comparing Alternative Predictors Based on Large‐Panel Factor Models , 2006 .

[63]  Kajal Lahiri,et al.  Nowcasting US GDP: The Role of ISM Business Surveys , 2011 .

[64]  Anindya Banerjee,et al.  Leading Indicators for Euro-Area Inflation and GDP Growth , 2003 .

[65]  Marie Bessec Short-Term Forecasts of French GDP: A Dynamic Factor Model with Targeted Predictors: A Dynamic Factor Model with Targeted Predictors , 2013 .

[66]  Maximo Camacho,et al.  Introducing the Euro-Sting: Short-Term Indicator of Euro Area Growth , 2009 .

[67]  Marco Lippi,et al.  The Generalized Dynamic Factor Model , 2002 .

[68]  S. Dées,et al.  Forecasting World Trade: Direct Versus “Bottom-Up” Approaches , 2008 .

[69]  D. Rivers,et al.  Model Selection Tests for Nonlinear Dynamic Models , 2002 .

[70]  Serena Ng,et al.  Understanding and Comparing Factor-Based Forecasts , 2005 .

[71]  Matteo Luciani,et al.  Forecasting with Approximate Dynamic Factor Models: The Role of Non-Pervasive Shocks , 2011 .

[72]  M. Hashem Pesaran,et al.  REAL-TIME ECONOMETRICS , 2004, Econometric Theory.

[73]  Massimiliano Marcellino,et al.  Forecasting economic activity with targeted predictors , 2015 .

[74]  Roberto Golinelli,et al.  The use of monthly indicators to forecast quarterly GDP in the short run: an application to the G7 countries , 2007 .

[75]  Dean Croushore,et al.  A real-time data set for macroeconomists , 2001 .

[76]  Massimiliano Marcellino,et al.  A comparison of mixed frequency approaches for nowcasting Euro area macroeconomic aggregates , 2014 .

[77]  Michael P. Clements,et al.  Macroeconomic Forecasting With Mixed-Frequency Data , 2008 .

[78]  Turgut Kisinbay The use of encompassing tests for forecast combinations , 2010 .

[79]  Olivier Darné,et al.  Nowcasting the French index of industrial production: A comparison from bridge and factor models , 2012 .

[80]  Gerhard Rünstler,et al.  Short-Term Estimates of Euro Area Real GDP by Means of Monthly Data , 2003, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[81]  A further analysis of the conference board’s new Leading Economic Index , 2015 .

[82]  Russell P. Robins,et al.  Forecasting quarterly data using monthly information , 1993 .

[83]  J. Kitchen Real-Time Forecasting Revisited: Letting the Data Decide , 2013 .

[84]  Mark W. Watson,et al.  Chapter 10 Forecasting with Many Predictors , 2006 .

[85]  R. Golinelli,et al.  Bridge models to forecast the euro area GDP , 2004 .

[86]  Forecasting growth in current quarter real GNP , 1989 .

[87]  E. Hahn,et al.  Early Estimates of Euro Area Real GDP Growth: A Bottom Up Approach from the Production Side , 2008, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[88]  Halbert White,et al.  Tests of Conditional Predictive Ability , 2003 .

[89]  D. Hendry,et al.  Combining Disaggregate Forecasts or Combining Disaggregate Information to Forecast an Aggregate , 2009, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[90]  J. Stock,et al.  Macroeconomic forecasting in the Euro area: Country specific versus area-wide information , 2003 .

[91]  C. De Mol,et al.  Forecasting Using a Large Number of Predictors: Is Bayesian Regression a Valid Alternative to Principal Components? , 2006, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[92]  Gonzalo Camba-Mendez,et al.  Short-Term Forecasts of Euro Area GDP Growth , 2008, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[93]  P. Newbold,et al.  Tests for Forecast Encompassing , 1998 .

[94]  Norman R. Swanson,et al.  A Model Selection Approach to Real-Time Macroeconomic Forecasting Using Linear Models and Artificial Neural Networks , 1997, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[95]  J. Stock,et al.  Combination forecasts of output growth in a seven-country data set , 2004 .

[96]  L. Klein,et al.  The University of Pennsylvania Models for High-Frequency Macroeconomic Modeling , 2004 .

[97]  Katja Drechsel,et al.  Flow on Conjunctural Information and Forecast of Euro Area Economic Activity , 2008 .

[98]  Serena Ng,et al.  Are more data always better for factor analysis , 2006 .