Quantitative Measurement of Blood Flow Dynamics in Embryonic Vasculature Using Spectral Doppler Velocimetry

The biophysical effects of blood flow are known to influence the structure and function of adult cardiovascular systems. Similar effects on the maturation of the cardiovascular system have been difficult to directly and non‐invasively measure due to the small size of the embryo. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to provide high spatial and temporal structural imaging of the early embryonic chicken heart. We have developed an extension of Doppler OCT, called spectral Doppler velocimetry (SDV), that will enable direct, non‐invasive quantification of blood flow and shear rate from the early embryonic cardiovascular system. Using this technique, we calculated volumetric flow rate and shear rate from chicken embryo vitelline vessels. We present blood flow dynamics and spatial velocity profiles from three different vessels in the embryo as well as measurements from the outflow tract of the embryonic heart tube. This technology can potentially provide spatial mapping of blood flowand shear rate in embryonic cardiovascular structures, producing quantitative measurements that can be correlated with gene expression and normal and abnormal morphology. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

[1]  Michael W. Jenkins,et al.  Ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography imaging and visualization of the embryonic avian heart using a buffered Fourier Domain Mode Locked laser. , 2007, Optics express.

[2]  Michael W. Jenkins,et al.  4D embryonic cardiography using gated optical coherence tomography. , 2006, Optics express.

[3]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Buffered Fourier domain mode locking: Unidirectional swept laser sources for optical coherence tomography imaging at 370,000 lines/s. , 2006, Optics letters.

[4]  Wei Chen,et al.  Endothelial mechanotransduction, nitric oxide and vascular inflammation , 2006, Journal of internal medicine.

[5]  A. Fercher,et al.  Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry , 1995 .

[6]  Daniel H Turnbull,et al.  Ultrasound biomicroscopy-Doppler in mouse cardiovascular development. , 2003, Physiological genomics.

[7]  N. Hu,et al.  Hemodynamics of the Stage 12 to Stage 29 Chick Embryo , 1989, Circulation research.

[8]  Orlando Aristizábal,et al.  Spatial velocity profile in mouse embryonic aorta and Doppler-derived volumetric flow: a preliminary model. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[9]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Noninvasive assessment of the developing Xenopus cardiovascular system using optical coherence tomography. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  Roger R Markwald,et al.  Transitions in Early Embryonic Atrioventricular Valvular Function Correspond With Changes in Cushion Biomechanics That Are Predictable by Tissue Composition , 2007, Circulation research.

[11]  Qizhi Yao,et al.  Shear Stress Induces Endothelial Differentiation From a Murine Embryonic Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Line , 2005, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[12]  J. Izatt,et al.  Volumetric imaging of chick embryo heart development in vivo using a high speed Doppler spectral domain OCT microscope , 2006 .

[13]  Adrian Mariampillai,et al.  Doppler optical cardiogram gated 2D color flow imaging at 1000 fps and 4D in vivo visualization of embryonic heart at 45 fps on a swept source OCT system. , 2007, Optics express.

[14]  Joseph A Izatt,et al.  In vivo total retinal blood flow measurement by Fourier domain Doppler optical coherence tomography. , 2007, Journal of biomedical optics.

[15]  Changhuei Yang,et al.  Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics express.

[16]  T G van Leeuwen,et al.  High-flow-velocity and shear-rate imaging by use of color Doppler optical coherence tomography. , 1999, Optics letters.

[17]  S. Chien.  Mechanotransduction and endothelial cell homeostasis: the wisdom of the cell. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[18]  Jerry Westerweel,et al.  In vivo micro particle image velocimetry measurements of blood-plasma in the embryonic avian heart. , 2006, Journal of biomechanics.

[19]  D. Wilkinson,et al.  An Unusual Cause of a “Double Pulse” , 2007 .

[20]  David Sedmera,et al.  High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development , 2007, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[21]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical Coherence Tomography , 1991 .

[22]  Lei Wang,et al.  Frequency domain phase-resolved optical Doppler and Doppler variance tomography , 2004 .

[23]  Gabriel Acevedo-Bolton,et al.  Intracardiac fluid forces are an essential epigenetic factor for embryonic cardiogenesis , 2003, Nature.

[24]  Daniel L Marks,et al.  Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography of the embryonic murine cardiovascular system. , 2006, Journal of biomedical optics.

[25]  J. Izatt,et al.  High resolution imaging of in vivo cardiac dynamics using color Doppler optical coherence tomography. , 1997, Optics express.

[26]  A. Fercher,et al.  Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics express.

[27]  Sang Joon Lee,et al.  Micro-PIV measurements of blood flow in extraembryonic blood vessels of chicken embryos , 2007, Physiological measurement.

[28]  S. Yun,et al.  High-speed spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 1.3 mum wavelength. , 2003, Optics express.

[29]  Renato Perucchio,et al.  Computational model for the transition from peristaltic to pulsatile flow in the embryonic heart tube. , 2007, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[30]  E. Clark,et al.  Remodeling of chick embryonic ventricular myoarchitecture under experimentally changed loading conditions , 1999, The Anatomical record.

[31]  Joseph A. Izatt,et al.  Optical Coherence Tomography: A New High-Resolution Imaging Technology to Study Cardiac Development in Chick Embryos , 2002, Circulation.

[32]  Martin Baiker,et al.  Changes in Shear Stress–Related Gene Expression After Experimentally Altered Venous Return in the Chicken Embryo , 2005, Circulation research.

[33]  J. Wladimiroff,et al.  Ventricular diastolic filling characteristics in stage-24 chick embryos after extra-embryonic venous obstruction , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.