Hepatic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a hepatologist's user guide

Abstract: Hepatic phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) offers the exciting potential of studying metabolic processes in the human liver in vivo. Many investigators have utilized 31P MRS to research a broad range of metabolic questions, and there is outstanding potential for this imaging modality in the future. However, at times it is difficult to appreciate this potential because most published series have been small, and comparisons between studies are difficult. Indeed, the published literature contains significant variation in data acquisition and data analysis techniques and, perhaps most importantly, the interpretation of the data itself. As MR technology continues to evolve and more studies are being performed, perhaps a greater consensus of study techniques and endpoints will emerge. This review summarizes the present literature on human hepatic 31P MRS.

[1]  W. Lau,et al.  Metabolic Control Patterns in Acute Phase and Regenerating Human Liver Determined In Vivo by 31-Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , 2002, Annals of surgery.

[2]  Jimmy D Bell,et al.  Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human liver using chemical shift imaging techniques. , 1992, Journal of hepatology.

[3]  M. Oudkerk,et al.  Non-T1-weighted 31P chemical shift imaging of the human liver. , 1995, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[4]  D. Twieg,et al.  Comparison of 31p mrs and 1h mri at 1.5 and 2.0 T , 1990, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[5]  Paul E Sijens,et al.  Adenosine triphosphate infusion increases liver energy status in advanced lung cancer patients: An in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study , 2002, Hepatology.

[6]  P. Cozzone,et al.  Phosphorus-31 nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of phosphorylated metabolites compartmentation, intracellular pH and phosphorylation state during normoxia, hypoxia and ethanol perfusion, in the perfused rat liver. , 1987, European journal of biochemistry.

[7]  D. Gadian,et al.  Phosphodiesters in the Liver: The Effect of Field Strength on the 31P Signal , 1989, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[8]  Jimmy D Bell,et al.  A 31P and 1H-NMR investigation in vitro of normal and abnormal human liver. , 1993, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[9]  R. B. Moon,et al.  Determination of intracellular pH by 31P magnetic resonance. , 1973, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[10]  Jimmy D Bell,et al.  Improved preservation solutions for organ storage: a dynamic study of hepatic metabolism. , 1999, Transplantation.

[11]  Dennis W J Klomp,et al.  Optimization of localized 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the detection of fluorinated drugs in the human liver , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[12]  W. Sluiter,et al.  Noninvasive metabolic assessment of human donor livers: prognostic value of 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy for early graft function. , 1997, Transplantation.

[13]  B. Szwergold,et al.  Rigorous and careful identification of compounds in 31P NMR spectra , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[14]  M. Oudkerk,et al.  Understanding the discrepancies between 31P MR spectroscopy assessed liver metabolite concentrations from different institutions. , 1998, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[15]  Truman R. Brown,et al.  In vivo1 values of phosphorus metabolites in human liver and muscle determined at 1.5T by chemical shift imaging , 1989 .

[16]  J. S. Cohen,et al.  Phospholipid metabolism in cancer cells monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[17]  G. Radda,et al.  Phospholipid bilayer contribution to 31P NMR spectra in vivo , 1989, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[18]  Jimmy D Bell,et al.  Cirrhosis of the human liver: an in vitro 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study. , 1995, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[19]  S. Masson,et al.  The phosphorous-31 NMR visibility of ATP in perfused rat liver remains about 90%, unaffected by changes of metabolic state , 1992 .

[20]  B. Chance,et al.  31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic investigation of human neuroblastoma in situ. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  K. Petersen,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hepatic glucose metabolism in humans. , 2001, Recent progress in hormone research.

[22]  Jimmy D Bell,et al.  IMPROVED PRESERVATION SOLUTIONS FOR ORGAN STORAGE , 1999 .

[23]  R. Buchli,et al.  Assessment of absolute metabolite concentrations in human tissue by 31P MRS in vivo. Part II: Muscle, liver, kidney , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[24]  J. Hajnal,et al.  Prior knowledge for time domain quantification of in vivo brain or liver 31P MR spectra , 2003, NMR in biomedicine.

[25]  F. Podo.  Tumour phospholipid metabolism , 1999, NMR in biomedicine.

[26]  P. Dagnelie,et al.  Effects of ATP infusion on glucose turnover and gluconeogenesis in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. , 2000, Clinical science.

[27]  Jimmy D Bell,et al.  Non-invasive assessment of ATP regeneration potential of the preserved donor liver. A 31P MRS study in pig liver. , 1997, Journal of hepatology.

[28]  S. Locke,et al.  In vivo and in vitro 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the hepatic response of healthy rats and rats with acute hepatic damage to fructose loading , 1994, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[29]  B. Quistorff,et al.  Liver Physiology and Metabolism , 1994 .

[30]  C. Segebarth,et al.  In vivo monitoring of fructose metabolism in the human liver by means of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. , 1991, Biochimie.

[31]  C. Malloy,et al.  Measuring in-vivo metabolism using nuclear magnetic resonance , 2003, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[32]  M. Biran,et al.  Is cellular integrity responsible for the partial NMR invisibility of ATP in isolated ischemic rat liver? , 1991, NMR in biomedicine.

[33]  S. Sherlock,et al.  Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System , 1955 .

[34]  G S Karczmar,et al.  Non‐invasive quantitation of human liver metabolites using image‐guided 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy , 1990, NMR in biomedicine.

[35]  D. Menon,et al.  Effect of functional grade and etiology on in vivo hepatic phosphorus‐31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cirrhosis: Biochemical basis of spectral appearances , 1995, Hepatology.

[36]  A. Astrup,et al.  Effects of oral D-tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, on liver metabolism in man as examined by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. , 2000, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[37]  J. Park,et al.  Human in-vivo 31P MR Spectroscopy of Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors , 2001, Korean journal of radiology.

[38]  S. Grundy,et al.  Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[39]  G. Radda,et al.  Assessment of human liver metabolism by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. , 1986, The British journal of radiology.

[40]  M. Oudkerk,et al.  Altered hepatic gluconeogenesis during L-alanine infusion in weight-losing lung cancer patients as observed by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and turnover measurements. , 2000, Cancer research.