Understanding Second Language Processing: A focus on Processability Theory

This book aims to help researchers and teachers interested in language processing and Processability Theory (PT) to understand this theory and its applications. PT is an influential account of second language processing which hypothesizes that, due to the architecture of language processing, learners acquire second languages in developmental stages. This book lays out PT’s predictions and research on the development of diverse target languages – particularly English and Scandinavian languages – by learners of various categories. It discusses the typological issues facing PT and its contribution to an understanding of variation and cognitive constraints on pedagogy. However, the book also raises a critical eye to the literature which, after almost twenty years of evolution, requires explanation, clarification and, in some cases, extension. Why do some phenomena belong to different stages in different languages? Why are important types of variation under-represented? Is teaching as constrained as proposed in PT?

[1]  J. Norris,et al.  Effectiveness of L2 Instruction: A Research Synthesis and Quantitative Meta‐analysis , 2000 .

[2]  Kristof Baten,et al.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN GERMAN AND SWEDISH AS L2S , 2014, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[3]  Nina Spada,et al.  Instruction, First Language Influence, and Developmental Readiness in Second Language Acquisition. , 1999 .

[4]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  Constructing an Acquisition-Based Procedure for Second Language Assessment , 1988, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[5]  F. Mansouri,et al.  The Pedagogic Effectiveness of Developmental Readiness in ESL Grammar Instruction. , 2005 .

[6]  J. Lantolf,et al.  Natural or Artificial: Is the Route of L2 Development Teachable? , 2015 .

[7]  Louise Jansen,et al.  Second language acquisition: from theory to data , 2000 .

[8]  J. Rothman,et al.  A Prolegomenon to the Construct of the Native Speaker: Heritage Speaker Bilinguals are Natives Too! , 2014 .

[9]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  An acquisition based procedure for second language assessment (ESL) , 1986 .

[10]  Satomi Kawaguchi,et al.  Exploring the typological plausibility of Processability Theory: language development in Italian second language and Japanese second language , 2002 .

[11]  Kristof Baten Processability Theory and German Case Acquisition , 2011 .

[12]  W. Klein,et al.  The Basic Variety (or: Couldn't natural languages be much simpler?) , 1997 .

[13]  Carrie L. Bonilla From number agreement to the subjunctive: Evidence for Processability Theory in L2 Spanish , 2015 .

[14]  Jean-Marc Dewaele,et al.  Gender assignment and gender agreement in advanced French interlanguage: a cross-sectional study , 2001, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[15]  Robert Bley-Vroman,et al.  THE EVOLVING CONTEXT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE HYPOTHESIS , 2009, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[16]  Alex Housen,et al.  Developmental stages in receptive grammar acquisition: A Processability Theory account , 2015 .

[17]  Jürgen M. Meisel Bilingual language acquisition and theories of diachronic change: Bilingualism as cause and effect of grammatical change* , 2010, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[18]  L. Dao,et al.  Reassessing the applicability of Processability Theory: The case of nominal plural , 2011 .

[19]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  Psychological Constraints on the Teachability of Languages , 1984, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[20]  Bronwen Patricia Dyson,et al.  Focus on learnable form in a communicative context: A framework for second language acquisition in the classroom , 2002 .

[21]  Sharon Armon-Lotem,et al.  Introduction: Bilingual children with SLI – the nature of the problem* , 2011, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[22]  S. Stavrakaki,et al.  Subject–verb agreement, object clitics and wh-questions in bilingual French–Greek SLI: the case study of a French–Greek-speaking child with SLI , 2011, Clinical linguistics & phonetics.

[23]  Karen Lund Communicative function and language-specific structure in second language acquisition: A discussion of natural sequences of acquisition , 1996 .

[24]  S. P. Corder THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEARNER'S ERRORS , 1967 .

[25]  Maria Polinsky,et al.  Defining an “ideal” heritage speaker: Theoretical and methodological challenges Reply to peer commentaries , 2013 .

[26]  Gisela Håkansson,et al.  The preference for Modal + Neg: an L2 perspective applied to Swedish L1 children , 1994 .

[27]  Jürgen M. Meisel First and Second Language Acquisition: Index , 2011 .

[28]  Marina K. Burt,et al.  NATURAL SEQUENCES IN CHILD SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION1 , 1974 .

[29]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  Determining the influence of instruction on L2 speech processing , 1987 .

[30]  Jason Rothman,et al.  Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages , 2009 .

[31]  Developmental sequences in L1 (normal and impaired) and L2 acquisition of Swedish syntax , 1993 .

[32]  Carolyn G. Madden,et al.  IS THERE A “NATURAL SEQUENCE” IN ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING? , 1974 .

[33]  Kristof Baten,et al.  Theoretical and Methodological Developments in Processability Theory. , 2015 .

[34]  Gisela Håkansson,et al.  A unified approach towards the development of Swedish as L2: a processability account , 1999 .

[35]  Alison Mackey,et al.  Conversational Interaction and Second Language Development: Recasts, Responses, and Red Herrings? , 1998 .

[36]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  Cross-linguistic aspects of processability theory , 2005 .

[37]  G. Pallotti,et al.  An operational definition of the emergence criterion , 2007 .

[38]  Processing Alignments: Semantic, Thematic and Structural Prominence in Samoan SLA , 2015 .

[39]  A. Lenzing Exploring Regularities and Dynamic Systems in L2 Development , 2015 .

[40]  E K Salameh,et al.  The acquisition of Swedish as second language in a group of Arabic-speaking pre-school children: word order patterns and phrasal morphology. , 1996, Logopedics, phoniatrics, vocology.

[41]  L B Leonard,et al.  Specific language impairment in Swedish: the status of verb morphology and word order. , 2000, Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.

[42]  Charlene Polio,et al.  The Relevance of Second Language Acquisition Theory to the Written Error Correction Debate. , 2012 .

[43]  Maria Bolander Is There Any Order? On Word Order in Swedish Learner Language. , 1988 .

[44]  Marjolijn Verspoor,et al.  Variability and Variation in Second Language Acquisition Orders: A Dynamic Reevaluation , 2015 .

[45]  Yanyin Zhang,et al.  Acquisition of L2 English morphology: A family case study , 2010 .

[46]  Manfred Pienemann A Cognitive View of Language Acquisition: Processability Theory and Beyond , 2010 .

[47]  Thom Hudson,et al.  Nothing Does Not Equal Zero , 1993, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[48]  Kim Mcdonough,et al.  IDENTIFYING THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AND LEARNERS' RESPONSES ON ESL QUESTION DEVELOPMENT , 2005, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[49]  G. Håkansson Tense morphology and verb-second in Swedish L1 children, L2 children and children with SLI , 2001, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[50]  Carol A. Chapelle,et al.  VALIDITY IN LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT , 1999, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics.

[51]  G. Håkansson,et al.  Environmental Influence on Language Acquisition: Comparing Second and Foreign Language Acquisition of Swedish , 2010 .

[52]  Jürgen M. Meisel Second Language Acquisition in Early Childhood , 2009 .

[53]  Luigi Rizzi,et al.  Aspects of grammatical development in young French children with SLI , 2003 .

[54]  Harald Clahsen,et al.  The Comparative Study of First and Second Language Development , 1990, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[55]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  Studying Processability Theory: An Introductory Textbook , 2011 .

[56]  Yanyin Zhang Processing Constraints, Categorial Analysis, and the Second Language Acquisition of the Chinese Adjective Suffix -de(ADJ) , 2004 .

[57]  Jürgen M. Meisel,et al.  On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition , 1981, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[58]  Kenneth Hyltenstam,et al.  Age of Onset and Nativelikeness in a Second Language: Listener Perception Versus Linguistic Scrutiny , 2009 .

[59]  Rod Ellis,et al.  Are Classroom and Naturalistic Acquisition the Same? , 1989, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[60]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  The Multidimensional Model, Linguistic Profiling, and Related Issues , 1993, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[61]  Rod Ellis,et al.  Orders and sequences in the acquisition of L2 morphosyntax, 40 years on: An introduction to the special issue , 2015 .

[62]  Yuki Itani-Adams,et al.  Comparing levels of processability across languages , 2011 .

[63]  B. Vanpatten,et al.  Theories in Second Language Acquisition: An Introduction , 2006 .

[64]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  A brief history of processing approaches to SLA: reply to Mellow , 1996 .

[65]  U. Nettelbladt,et al.  Measuring language development in bilingual children: Swedish- Arabic children with and without language impairment , 2003 .

[66]  D. Bickerton The language bioprogram hypothesis , 1984, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[67]  Michael H. Long Focus on Form: A Design Feature in Language Teaching Methodology , 1991 .

[68]  Andrew P. Farley,et al.  Learner Readiness and L2 Production in Spanish: Processabitily Theory on Trial , 2016 .

[69]  J. Hulstijn Discussion: How Different Can Perspectives on L2 Development Be? , 2015 .

[70]  John H. Schumann,et al.  AFFECTIVE FACTORS AND THE PROBLEM OF AGE IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION , 1975 .

[71]  B. Dyson The Debate on Form-Focused Instruction: A Teacher's Perspective. , 1996 .

[72]  Geert Booij,et al.  Yearbook of Morphology 1994 , 1995 .

[73]  Kenneth Hyltenstam IMPLICATIONAL PATTERNS IN INTERLANGUAGE SYNTAX VARIATION , 1977 .

[74]  Rod Ellis,et al.  Investigating grammatical difficulty in second language learning: Implications for second language acquisition research and language testing , 2008 .

[75]  J. Mellow,et al.  On the primacy of theory in applied studies: a critique of Pienemann and Johnston (1987) , 1996 .

[76]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  Developmental dynamics in L1 and L2 acquisition: Processability Theory and generative entrenchment , 1998, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.

[77]  Annick de Houwer,et al.  The Acquisition of Two Languages from Birth: A Case Study: List of tables , 1990 .

[78]  Manfred Pienemann An Outline of Processability Theory and Its Relationship to Other Approaches to SLA , 2015 .

[79]  Bronwen Patricia Dyson Variation, individual differences and second language processing: A Processability Theory study , 2016 .

[80]  Søren Wind Eskildsen,et al.  What Counts as a Developmental Sequence? Exemplar-Based L2 Learning of English Questions , 2015 .

[81]  Harald Clahsen,et al.  Formal features in impaired grammars: A comparison of English and German SLI children , 1997, Journal of Neurolinguistics.

[82]  L. Ortega For What and for Whom Is Our Research? The Ethical as Transformative Lens in Instructed SLA , 2005 .

[83]  J. Nichols Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar , 1986 .

[84]  Norbert Corver,et al.  Conservation of grammatical knowledge: on the acquisition of possessive noun phrases by Turkish and Moroccan learners of Dutch , 2000 .

[85]  Marina K. Burt,et al.  SHOULD WE TEACH CHILDREN SYNTAX , 1973 .

[86]  Carrie L. Bonilla Chapter 10. Instructing Stages of Processability Theory in L2 Spanish: Next or Next + 1? , 2015 .

[87]  Michael H. Long Native speaker/non-native speaker conversation and the negotiation of comprehensible input1 , 1983 .

[88]  Gisela Håkansson,et al.  Transfer and typological proximity in the context of second language processing , 2002 .

[89]  Processability approach to Arabic l2 teaching and syllabus design , 2011 .

[90]  Pieter Muysken,et al.  The UG paradox in L2 acquisition , 1989 .

[91]  Gisela Håkansson,et al.  Developmental perspectives on bilingual Swedish-Arabic children with and without language impairment: a longitudinal study. , 2004, International journal of language & communication disorders.

[92]  Patti Spinner Second Language Assessment and Morphosyntactic Development. , 2011 .

[93]  Joan Bresnan,et al.  Lexical-Functional Syntax: Bresnan/Lexical , 2015 .

[94]  B. Dyson Learner language analytic methods and pedagogical implications , 2010 .

[95]  Ken Hale,et al.  Warlpiri and the grammar of non-configurational languages , 1983 .

[96]  Martha Crago,et al.  Domain-General Versus Domain-Specific Accounts of Specific Language Impairment: Evidence From Bilingual Children's Acquisition of Object Pronouns , 2006 .

[97]  Gerard Kempen Comparing and explaining the trajectories of first and second language acquisition: in search of the right mix of psychological and linguistic factors , 1998 .

[98]  Krister Schönström,et al.  Visual acquisition of Swedish in deaf children: An L2 processability approach , 2014 .

[99]  Gerard Kempen,et al.  An Incremental Procedural Grammar for Sentence Formulation , 1987, Cogn. Sci..

[100]  Hideki Sakai,et al.  An analysis of Japanese university students’ oral performance in English using processability theory , 2008 .

[101]  Björn Hammarberg,et al.  THE PLACE‐HOLDER CONSTRAINT, LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY, AND THE TEACHING OF SWEDISH TO IMMIGRANTS , 1977 .

[102]  Y. Falk Functional relations in the English auxiliary system , 2008 .

[103]  William Nemser,et al.  APPROXIMATIVE SYSTEMS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNERS , 1971 .

[104]  Bronwen Patricia Dyson Processability Theory and the role of morphology in English as a second language development: a longitudinal study , 2009 .

[105]  Catrin Norrby,et al.  The interaction of complexity and grammatical processability: The case of Swedish as a foreign language , 2007 .

[106]  Manfred Pienemann,et al.  Is Language Teachable? Psycholinguistic Experiments and Hypotheses , 1989 .

[107]  Anne Holmen,et al.  PROCESSABILITY IN SCANDINAVIAN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION , 2001, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[108]  Jason Rothman,et al.  L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: The typological primacy model , 2011 .

[109]  Louise Jansen Acquisition of German Word Order in Tutored Learners: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Wider Theoretical Context , 2008 .

[111]  M. Restrepo,et al.  Grammatical Characteristics of a Spanish-English Bilingual Child with Specific Language Impairment , 2000 .

[112]  S. Montrul Is the heritage language like a second language , 2012 .

[113]  Gisela Håkansson,et al.  Syntax and morphology in language attrition. A study of five bilingual, expatriate Swedes , 1995 .