Key Management Systems for Smart Grid Advanced Metering Infrastructure: A Survey

Smart grids are evolving as the next generation power systems that transform the traditional ways of functioning of present electrical grids. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is one of the key components in smart grids. An AMI comprises of systems and networks, that are responsible for collecting and analyzing data received from smart meters. In addition, AMI also manages the different applications related with power and services based on the data collected from smart meters. Thus, AMI plays a significant role in the smooth functioning of smart grids. Malicious adversaries have immense opportunities for attacking the AMI, as it is made up of systems that are highly vulnerable to such attacks. Providing security to AMI is necessary as adversaries can cause potential infrastructural damage and privacy threats in smart grid. One of the most effective and challenging topic’s identified, is the key management system (KMS), for sustaining the security concerns in AMI. Therefore, KMS seeks to be a promising research area for future development of AMI. To the best of our knowledge, this survey is the first to highlight the significance of KMS for the security point of view for AMI in smart grids. We believe that we have taken here the needed initiatives that will help understand the importance of key management in AMI security, and strengthen future research works carried out in this area. This survey highlights the key security issues of AMIs and focuses on how key management techniques can be utilized for safeguarding AMI. At first, we discuss the main features of AMIs, the deployment scenario of smart grids and identify the relationship between smart grid and AMI. Then, we explore the main features of AMI, and also introduce the security issues and challenges. We also provide a discussion on the role of key management in AMI, and point out the differences between traditional electrical systems and smart grids. We then classify and provide a review of the existing works in literature that deal with secure KMS in AMI. Finally, we summarize the possible future open research issues and challenges of KMS in AMI.

[1]  Zheng Wen,et al.  A key management scheme for secure communications of information centric advanced metering infrastructure in Smart Grid , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Power System Technology.

[2]  Islam Safak Bayram,et al.  High-resolution electricity load profiles of selected houses in Qatar , 2018, 2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG 2018).

[3]  Lalit Mohan Saini,et al.  Performance analysis of smart metering for smart grid: An overview , 2015 .

[4]  Franco Fuschini,et al.  Smart Metering Wireless Networks at 169 MHz , 2017, IEEE Access.

[5]  Brandon J. Murrill,et al.  Smart Meter Data: Privacy and Cybersecurity , 2012 .

[6]  Shenxing Shi,et al.  SKM: Scalable Key Management for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grids , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[7]  Kaamran Raahemifar,et al.  A survey on Advanced Metering Infrastructure , 2014 .

[8]  Axel Sikora,et al.  Implementation of Standardized Secure Smart Meter Communication , 2013 .

[9]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Smart grid authentication and key management for unicast and multicast communications , 2011, 2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies.

[10]  Dongho Won,et al.  Efficient Secure Group Communications for SCADA , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[11]  Mohamed G. Gouda,et al.  Secure group communications using key graphs , 2000, TNET.

[12]  Saifur Rahman,et al.  Communication network requirements for major smart grid applications in HAN, NAN and WAN , 2014, Comput. Networks.

[13]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Efficient Authentication and Key Management Mechanisms for Smart Grid Communications , 2014, IEEE Systems Journal.

[14]  Klara Nahrstedt,et al.  SMOCK: A Scalable Method of Cryptographic Key Management for Mission-Critical Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[15]  Seref Sagiroglu,et al.  A survey on the critical issues in smart grid technologies , 2016 .

[16]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  False Data Injection on State Estimation in Power Systems—Attacks, Impacts, and Defense: A Survey , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[17]  Dongho Won,et al.  Advanced Key-Management Architecture for Secure SCADA Communications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[18]  Sudip Misra,et al.  Cloud Computing Applications for Smart Grid: A Survey , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[19]  Hamid Sharif,et al.  An efficient security protocol for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid , 2013, IEEE Network.

[20]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  A survey on security issues in smart grids , 2016, Secur. Commun. Networks.

[21]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  A key management framework for AMI networks in smart grid , 2012, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[22]  Mohd Wazir Mustafa,et al.  Smart grids security challenges: Classification by sources of threats , 2018, Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology.

[23]  David J. Hill,et al.  An Extensible Approach for Non-Intrusive Load Disaggregation With Smart Meter Data , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[24]  John Fuller,et al.  Light-weight key distribution and management for Advanced Metering Infrastructure , 2011, 2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[25]  David Hutchison,et al.  A survey of key management for secure group communication , 2003, CSUR.

[26]  Scott Dick,et al.  Toward Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring via Multi-Label Classification , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[27]  Sasi K. Kottayil,et al.  Hybrid Key Management Scheme for Secure AMI Communications , 2016 .

[28]  Mathias Uslar,et al.  The Common Information Model CIM: IEC 61968/61970 and 62325 - A practical introduction to the CIM , 2012 .

[29]  Hamid Sharif,et al.  A Survey on Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures: Motivations, Requirements and Challenges , 2013, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[30]  Sousso Kelouwani,et al.  Non-intrusive load monitoring through home energy management systems: A comprehensive review , 2017 .

[31]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  Encryption key management for secure communication in smart advanced metering infrastructures , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[32]  Xuemin Shen,et al.  PARK: A privacy-preserving aggregation scheme with adaptive key management for smart grid , 2013, 2013 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC).

[33]  Lin Zhu,et al.  A Key Management Scheme for Secure Communications of Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid , 2013, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[34]  Yacine Challal,et al.  Scalable Multi-group Key Management for Advanced Metering Infrastructure , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing.

[35]  Georgios Kalogridis,et al.  Privacy for Smart Meters: Towards Undetectable Appliance Load Signatures , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[36]  Zhuo Lu,et al.  Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges , 2013, Comput. Networks.

[37]  Jiming Chen,et al.  A Survey on Demand Response in Smart Grids: Mathematical Models and Approaches , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[38]  Mohammad Hesam Tadayon,et al.  A Novel Identity-Based Key Establishment Method for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[39]  H. T. Mouftah,et al.  Energy-Efficient Information and Communication Infrastructures in the Smart Grid: A Survey on Interactions and Open Issues , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[40]  Yi Xu,et al.  A survey on the communication architectures in smart grid , 2011, Comput. Networks.

[41]  Xuemin Shen,et al.  An Efficient Merkle-Tree-Based Authentication Scheme for Smart Grid , 2014, IEEE Systems Journal.

[42]  Prashant J. Shenoy,et al.  Private memoirs of a smart meter , 2010, BuildSys '10.

[43]  Kemal Akkaya,et al.  A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications , 2012, Comput. Networks.

[44]  Muhammad Ali Imran,et al.  Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Approaches for Disaggregated Energy Sensing: A Survey , 2012, Sensors.

[45]  Ingmar Baumgart,et al.  Privacy-Aware Smart Metering: A Survey , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[46]  H. T. Mouftah,et al.  Encryption as a service for smart grid advanced metering infrastructure , 2015, 2015 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC).

[47]  Imtiaz Parvez,et al.  Key Management and Learning based Two Level Data Security for Metering Infrastructure of Smart Grid , 2017, ArXiv.

[48]  Thilo Sauter,et al.  End-to-End Communication Architecture for Smart Grids , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[49]  My T. Thai,et al.  A Novel Key Management and Data Encryption Method for Metering Infrastructure of Smart Grid , 2017 .

[50]  Yasin Kabalci,et al.  A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication , 2016 .

[51]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  A review of wireless communications for smart grid , 2015 .

[52]  Siu-Ming Yiu,et al.  PRGA: Privacy-Preserving Recording & Gateway-Assisted Authentication of Power Usage Information for Smart Grid , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[53]  Mahesh Sooriyabandara,et al.  Smart Grid Communications: Overview of Research Challenges, Solutions, and Standardization Activities , 2011, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[54]  Yacine Challal,et al.  MK-AMI: Efficient multi-group key management scheme for secure communications in AMI systems , 2016, 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[55]  Hartmut Pohl,et al.  Threat Modeling Smart Metering Gateways , 2013 .

[56]  Yacine Challal,et al.  eSKAMI: Efficient and Scalable Multi-group Key Management for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid , 2015, 2015 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA.

[57]  Arif Sarwat,et al.  A survey on security assessment of metering infrastructure in Smart Grid systems , 2015, SoutheastCon 2015.

[58]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  A Practical and Flexible Key Management Mechanism For Trusted Collaborative Computing , 2008, IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications.

[59]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  A privacy-preserving approach to policy-based content dissemination , 2010, 2010 IEEE 26th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2010).

[60]  Marco Carvalho,et al.  Infrastructure Security for Smart Electric Grids: A Survey , 2013 .

[61]  Rose Qingyang Hu,et al.  Scalable Distributed Communication Architectures to Support Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[62]  Yannick Seurin,et al.  On the Exact Security of Schnorr-Type Signatures in the Random Oracle Model , 2012, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[63]  Michel Kadoch,et al.  Hybrid Cryptography Algorithm with Precomputation for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Networks , 2018, Mob. Networks Appl..

[64]  Cheryl L. Beaver,et al.  Key Management for SCADA , 2002 .

[65]  V. C. M. Leung,et al.  EIBC: Enhanced Identity-Based Cryptography, a conceptual design , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Systems Conference SysCon 2012.

[66]  Mauro Conti,et al.  Provably Secure Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme for Smart Grid , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[67]  Mukesh Taneja.  Lightweight security protocols for smart metering , 2013, 2013 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia).

[68]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  Scalable end-to-end security for advanced metering infrastructures , 2015, Inf. Syst..

[69]  Kemal Akkaya,et al.  Scalable Certificate Revocation Schemes for Smart Grid AMI Networks Using Bloom Filters , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[70]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  Authentication and key management for Advanced Metering Infrastructures utilizing physically unclonable functions , 2012, 2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[71]  Dapeng Wu,et al.  Fault-Tolerant and Scalable Key Management for Smart Grid , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[72]  Hamid Sharif,et al.  A Survey on Cyber Security for Smart Grid Communications , 2012, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[73]  Hiroshi Suzuki,et al.  Advanced Metering Infrastructure based on Smart Meters , 2007 .

[74]  Xi Fang,et al.  3. Full Four-channel 6.3-gb/s 60-ghz Cmos Transceiver with Low-power Analog and Digital Baseband Circuitry 7. Smart Grid — the New and Improved Power Grid: a Survey , 2022 .

[75]  Ed Dawson,et al.  SKMA - A Key Management Architecture for SCADA Systems , 2006 .

[76]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  An enhanced public key infrastructure to secure smart grid wireless communication networks , 2014, IEEE Network.

[77]  Yongge Wang,et al.  Secure Key Distribution for the Smart Grid , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[78]  Yacine Challal,et al.  VerSAMI: Versatile and Scalable key management for Smart Grid AMI systems , 2018, Comput. Networks.

[79]  Hamid Sharif,et al.  A secure and reliable in-network collaborative communication scheme for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid , 2011, 2011 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[80]  Rajiv K. Bhatia,et al.  Defining the framework for wireless-AMI security in smart grid , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Green Computing Communication and Electrical Engineering (ICGCCEE).

[81]  Farrokh Rahimi,et al.  Demand Response as a Market Resource Under the Smart Grid Paradigm , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[82]  Taskin Koçak,et al.  Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[83]  Adrian Perrig,et al.  Efficient Collaborative Key Management Protocols for Secure Autonomous Group Communication , 1999 .

[84]  Sattar Mirzakuchaki,et al.  PUF‐based solutions for secure communications in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) , 2017, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[85]  Fredrik Wallin,et al.  A Comprehensive Review of Smart Energy Meters in Intelligent Energy Networks , 2016, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[86]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Minimizing Electricity Theft Using Smart Meters in AMI , 2012, 2012 Seventh International Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing.

[87]  Jie Wu,et al.  Secure and efficient key management in mobile ad hoc networks , 2005, 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.