Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors.

Abstract An analysis of 235 patients with galactorrhea (5.5 per cent males) showed that 20 per cent of all patients, and 34 per cent of women with associated amenorrhea, had radiologically evident pituitary tumors; these patients had the highest serum prolactin concentrations. The largest single group (32 per cent) consisted of women with idiopathic galactorrhea without amenorrhea; prolactin was normal in 86 per cent of these cases. Five patients had the empty-sella syndrome. Prolactin response was tested in selected patients by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, chlorpromazine, L-dopa, 24-hour sampling and other means. Tests with thyrotropin-releasing hormone were most useful in identifying patients with pituitary tumors. Surgery and radiotherapy lowered prolactin to a similar degree in patients with tumor, but galactorrhea and amenorrhea often persisted after treatment. The ergot derivatives, bromergocryptine and lergotrile mesylate, lowered prolactin in all 18 patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or...

[1]  S. Yen,et al.  Augmentation of prolactin secretion by estrogen in hypogonadal women. , 1974, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[2]  J. Meites,et al.  Effects of altering the balance between prolactin and ovarian hormones on initiation of lactation in rabbits. , 1954, Endocrinology.

[3]  R. Shearman.  Prolonged secondary amenorrhoea after oral contraceptive therapy. Natural and unnatural history. , 1971, Lancet.

[4]  J. Mcmurtry,et al.  Experimental alterations of prolactin levels in goat milk and blood plasma. , 1974, Endocrinology.

[5]  A. Frantz,et al.  Human prolactin: measurement in plasma by in vitro bioassay. , 1971, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[6]  C. Edwards,et al.  Amenorrhoea, Galactorrhoea, and Primary Hypothyroidism with High Circulating Levels of Prolactin , 1971, British medical journal.

[7]  D. Killinger,et al.  Idiopathic galactorrhea and mild hypogonadism in a young adult male. , 1972, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[8]  A. Frantz,et al.  Suppression of prolactin secretion by L-dopa in the stalk-sectioned rhesus monkey. , 1976, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[9]  G. L. Noel,et al.  Failure of oral water loading and intravenous hypotonic saline to suppress plasma prolactin in man. , 1975, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[10]  G. L. Noel,et al.  l-Dopa Suppression of TRH-Stimulated Prolactin , 1973 .

[11]  A. Tashjian,et al.  Thyrotropin releasing hormone: direct evidence for stimulation of prolactin production by pituitary cells in culture. , 1971, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[12]  C. Bowers,et al.  Further evidence that TRH is also a physiological regulator of PRL secretion in man. , 1973, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[13]  P. Hwang,et al.  A radioimmunoassay for human prolactin. , 1971, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  G. L. Noel,et al.  Prolactin release during nursing and breast stimulation in postpartum and nonpostpartum subjects. , 1974, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[15]  G. Tolis,et al.  Prolactin secretion in sixty-five patients with galactorrhea. , 1974, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[16]  A. Frantz,et al.  Human Prolactin: 24-Hour Pattern with Increased Release doring Sleep , 1972, Science.

[17]  R. T. Shackelford,et al.  Abnormal lactation associated with tranquilizing drug therapy. , 1961, JAMA.

[18]  A. Mcneilly,et al.  A possible role for prolactin in control of steroid secretion by the human Graafian follicle , 1974, Nature.

[19]  G. L. Noel,et al.  CHLORPROMAZINE STIMULATION AND L-DOPA SUPPRESSION OF PLASMA PROLACTIN IN MAN1 , 1971 .

[20]  P. Myers,et al.  Spectrum of nonpuerperal galactorrhea: report of two cases evolving through the various syndromes. , 1967, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[21]  W. Daughaday,et al.  Persistent lactation associated with pituitary tumor and hyperadrenal corticism; successfully treated with pituitary radiation. , 1959, The American journal of medicine.

[22]  A. Tagnon.  Antilymphocyte globulin and renal transplantation. , 1976, Postgraduate medical journal.

[23]  L. Mount,et al.  Galactorrhea in males with tumors in the region of the pituitary gland. , 1971, Journal of neurosurgery.

[24]  P. Henneman,et al.  Syndrome characterized by galactorrhea, amenorrhea and low urinary FSH: comparison with acromegaly and normal lactation. , 1954, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[25]  W. Salter,et al.  GYNECOMASTIA DUE TO MALNUTRITION I. Clinical Studies , 1947, The American journal of the medical sciences.

[26]  M. Irie,et al.  Increase of serum growth hormone concentration following thyrotropin-releasing hormone injection in patients with acromegaly or gigantism. , 1972, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[27]  J. Wilber,et al.  Increased serum prolactin after administration of synthetic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in man. , 1971, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[28]  E. Sharp.  Historical Review of a Syndrome Embracing Uteroovarian Atrophy with Persistent Lactation (Frommel’s Disease) , 1935 .

[29]  A. Zarate,et al.  Functional evaluation of pituitary reserve in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome utilizing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), L-dopa and chlorpromazine. , 1973, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[30]  R. Brisman,et al.  Endocrine function in nineteen patients with empty sella syndrome. , 1972, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[31]  A. Frantz,et al.  Prolactin and growth hormone in patients with pituitary adenomas: a correlative study of hormone in tumor and plasma by immunoperoxidase technique and radioimmunoassay. , 1974, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[32]  Noel Gl,et al.  Studies on prolactin in man. , 1972 .

[33]  R. W. Turkington.  Prolactin secretion in patients treated with various drugs: phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, reserpine, and methyldopa. , 1972, Archives of internal medicine.

[34]  Hyperprolactinemic anovulatory syndrome. , 1976, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[35]  D. Kleinberg.  Human alpha-lactalbumin: measurement in serum and in breast cancer organ cultures by radioimmunoassay , 1975, Science.

[36]  Lim Ch,et al.  The hormonal control of mammary growth and lactation. , 1958 .

[37]  R. Cleary,et al.  The effect of lergotrile on galactorrhea and gonadotropin secretion. , 1975, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[38]  F. Gómez-Mont,et al.  Endocrine disturbances in chronic human malnutrition. , 1953, Vitamins and hormones.

[39]  I. Nyirjesy.  Galactorrhea Without Amenorrhea , 1968, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[40]  J. Argonz,et al.  A syndrome characterized by estrogenic insufficiency, galactorrhea and decreased urinary gonadotropin. , 1953, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[41]  R. Kolodny,et al.  Mammary Stimulation causes Prolactin Secretion in Non-lactating Women , 1972, Nature.

[42]  J. Sassin,et al.  Hypothalamic-pituitary function in diverse hyperprolactinemic states. , 1974, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[43]  G. Tolis,et al.  Functional evaluation of prolactin secretion in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. , 1973, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[44]  W. Malarkey,et al.  Primary empty sella, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and renal tubular acidosis. , 1975, The American journal of medicine.

[45]  C. Bowers,et al.  Prolactin and thyrotropin release in man by synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolinamide. , 1971, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[46]  M. Grumbach,et al.  Syndrome of precocious menstruation and galactorrhea in juvenile hypothyroidism: an example of hormonal overlap in pituitary feedback , 1960 .

[47]  R. Greenblatt,et al.  Post-pill and pill-related amenorrhea-galactorrhea. , 1971, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[48]  L. Davidoff.  STUDIES IN ACROMEGALY III. THE ANAMNESIS AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY IN ONE HUNDRED CASES , 1926 .

[49]  A. Frantz,et al.  Prolactin: Evidence That It Is Separate from Growth Hormone in Human Blood , 1970, Science.

[50]  G. Peake,et al.  Utility of L-dopa and water loading in evaluation of hyperprolactinemia. , 1973, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[51]  G. Tolis,et al.  Clinical and hormonal response to bromocriptin (CB-154) in the galactorrhea syndromes. , 1974, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[52]  W. Malarkey.  Nonpuerperal lactation and normal prolactin regulation. , 1975, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[53]  M. Anderson,et al.  Human Lactational and Ovarian Response to Endogenous Prolactin Release , 1972, Science.