Geographical Design: Spatial Cognition and Geographical Information Science

With GIS technologies ranging from Google Maps and Google Earth to the use of smart phones and in-car navigation systems, spatial knowledge is often acquired and communicated through geographic information technologies. This monograph describes the interplay between spatial cognition research and use of spatial interfaces. It begins by reviewing what is known about how humans process spatial concepts and then moves on to discuss how interfaces can be improved to take advantage of those capabilities. Special attention is given to a variety of innovative geographical platforms that provide users with an intuitive understanding and support the further acquisition of spatial knowledge. The monograph concludes with a discussion of the number of outstanding issues, including the changing nature of maps as the primary spatial interface, concerns about privacy for spatial information, and a look at the future of user-centered spatial information systems. Table of Contents: Introduction / Spat al Cognition / Technologies / Cognitive Interfaces for Wayfinding / Open Issues / For More Information

[1]  Augustinus H. J. Oomes,et al.  Supporting Cognitive Collage Creation for Pedestrian Navigation , 2009, HCI.

[2]  Stephen C. Hirtle,et al.  The Nature of Landmarks for Real and Electronic Spaces , 1999, COSIT.

[3]  C. Zimring,et al.  Just Down The Road A Piece , 2003 .

[4]  M. Blades,et al.  The Cognition of Geographic Space , 2002 .

[5]  Alyssa Frandsen,et al.  Bird's Eye , 2010 .

[6]  W. Chase.  Spatial Representations of Taxi Drivers , 1983 .

[7]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space , 1992, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[8]  Patrick J. Hayes,et al.  The second naive physics manifesto , 1995 .

[9]  Alasdair Turner.  The Role of Angularity in Route Choice , 2009, COSIT.

[10]  Clark C. Presson,et al.  Orientation Specificity in Representations of Place , 1997 .

[11]  Hanspeter A. Mallot,et al.  The Role of Global and Local Landmarks in Virtual Environment Navigation , 2000, Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ..

[12]  Christoph Hölscher,et al.  Challenges in Multilevel Wayfinding: A Case Study with the Space Syntax Technique , 2012 .

[13]  Stephan Winter,et al.  Including landmarks in routing instructions , 2010, J. Locat. Based Serv..

[14]  Myeong-Kwan Kevin Cheon,et al.  Frank and I , 2012 .

[15]  Robert Lloyd,et al.  Understanding and learning maps , 2011 .

[16]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Cognition of Geographic Information , 2005 .

[17]  R. Shepard.  Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures , 1967 .

[18]  T. Kohonen.  Analysis of a simple self-organizing process , 1982, Biological Cybernetics.

[19]  T. McNamara,et al.  Subjective hierarchies in spatial memory. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[20]  Tom Vanderbilt,et al.  Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says About Us) , 2009 .

[21]  Jan Khre,et al.  The Mathematical Theory of Information , 2012 .

[22]  L. Standing.  Learning 10000 pictures , 1973 .

[23]  Jacques Tisseau,et al.  The assessment of non visual maritime cognitive maps of a blind sailor: a case study , 2010 .

[24]  Edward Tufte,et al.  Visual Explanations , 1997 .

[25]  Chao Li,et al.  Human Understanding of Space , 2010 .

[26]  J. Jonides,et al.  Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps , 1985, Memory & cognition.

[27]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Cognitive Map-Design Research in the Twentieth Century: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches , 2002 .

[28]  Sabine Timpf.  Ontologies of Wayfinding: a Traveler's Perspective , 2002 .

[29]  Joonhwan Lee,et al.  Iterative design of MOVE: A situationally appropriate vehicle navigation system , 2008, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[30]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  How spatial abilities enhance, and are enhanced by, dental education , 2009 .

[31]  Mark Bilandzic,et al.  CityFlocks: designing social navigation for urban mobile information systems , 2008, DIS '08.

[32]  Loren G. Terveen,et al.  How a personalized geowiki can help bicyclists share information more effectively , 2007, WikiSym '07.

[33]  Barbara Hayes-Roth,et al.  Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation , 1982, Cognitive Psychology.

[34]  S. Kosslyn.  Understanding charts and graphs , 1989 .

[35]  Sara Irina Fabrikant,et al.  Introduction: Cognitive Issues in Geographic Information Visualization , 2009, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[36]  Prashant Krishnamurthy,et al.  Sixth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Location Fingerprint Analyses Toward Efficient Indoor Positioning , 2022 .

[37]  Stephan Winter,et al.  Enriching Wayfinding Instructions with Local Landmarks , 2002, GIScience.

[38]  Richard Lowe,et al.  Seeing with the Hands and with the Eyes: The Contributions of Haptic Cues to Anatomical Shape Recognition in Surgery , 2010, AAAI Spring Symposium: Cognitive Shape Processing.

[39]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Sex-Related Differences and Similarities in Geographic and Environmental Spatial Abilities , 1999 .

[40]  Max J. Egenhofer,et al.  Reasoning about Gradual Changes of Topological Relationships , 1992, Spatio-Temporal Reasoning.

[41]  Mary Hegarty,et al.  Thinking about the weather: How display salience and knowledge affect performance in a graphic inference task. , 2010, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[42]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Cognitive Maps, Cognitive Collages, and Spatial Mental Models , 1993, COSIT.

[43]  Noriaki Kuwahara,et al.  Walk Navigation System Using Photographs for People with Dementia , 2007, HCI.

[44]  R. Golledge.  The Nature of Geographic Knowledge , 2002 .

[45]  David M. Mark,et al.  Cognitive models of geographical space , 1999, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[46]  C. C. Trowbridge.  ON FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF ORIENTATION AND "IMAGINARY MAPS". , 1913, Science.

[47]  Sara Irina Fabrikant,et al.  Cognitively Plausible Information Visualization , 2005 .

[48]  M. Wing,et al.  Consumer-Grade Global Positioning System (GPS) Accuracy and Reliability , 2005 .

[49]  Jeffrey Heer,et al.  Narrative Visualization: Telling Stories with Data , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[50]  Michael F. Goodchild,et al.  GIScience Ten Years After Ground Truth , 2006, Trans. GIS.

[51]  Christoph Schlieder,et al.  Photographing a City: An Analysis of Place Concepts Based on Spatial Choices , 2009, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[52]  G W Evans,et al.  Cognitive mapping: knowledge of real-world distance and location information. , 1980, Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory.

[53]  H. Miller.  Tobler's First Law and Spatial Analysis , 2004 .

[54]  Chris Stolte,et al.  Rendering effective route maps: improving usability through generalization , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[55]  Harvey J. Miller,et al.  U-Access: a web-based system for routing pedestrians of differing abilities , 2006, J. Geogr. Syst..

[56]  R. Golledge,et al.  Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective , 1996 .

[57]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[58]  Atsuyuki Okabe,et al.  Wayfinding with a GPS-based mobile navigation system: A comparison with maps and direct experience , 2008 .

[59]  M. Monmonier.  How to Lie with Maps , 1991 .

[60]  Wesley A. Mah,et al.  Cognitive reference points in judgments of symbolic magnitude , 1982, Cognitive Psychology.

[61]  Stephan Winter,et al.  Variable Granularity in Route Directions , 2009, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[62]  Max J. Egenhofer,et al.  Human conceptions of spaces: Implications for GIS , 1997 .

[63]  Stephan Winter,et al.  Urban granularities—a data structure for cognitively ergonomic route directions , 2009, GeoInformatica.

[64]  Stephan Winter,et al.  Selection of Salient Features for Route Directions , 2004, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[65]  Steven Johnson,et al.  The ghost map : the story of London's most terrifying epidemic--and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world , 2007 .

[66]  Max J. Egenhofer,et al.  Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems , 1998 .

[67]  Chandler Stolp,et al.  The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , 1983 .

[68]  Daniel Z. Sui,et al.  The wikification of GIS and its consequences: Or Angelina Jolie's new tattoo and the future of GIS , 2008, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[69]  Juval Portugali.  INTER-REPRESENTATION NETWORKS AND COGNITIVE MAPS , 1996 .

[70]  D. R. Montello,et al.  Global-scale location and distance estimates: common representations and strategies in absolute and relative judgments. , 2006, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[71]  Alan M. MacEachren,et al.  How Maps Work - Representation, Visualization, and Design , 1995 .

[72]  B. Tversky.  Distortions in memory for maps , 1981, Cognitive Psychology.

[73]  D. R. Montello.  Cognitive Research in GIScience: Recent Achievements and Future Prospects , 2009 .

[74]  British Library,et al.  The city in maps : urban mapping to 1900 , 1987 .

[75]  Michel Denis,et al.  When and Why Are Visual Landmarks Used in Giving Directions? , 2001, COSIT.

[76]  Ying Zhu,et al.  Analysis of a social data visualization web site , 2010, 2010 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications.

[77]  B. Kuipers.  The "Map in the Head" Metaphor , 1982 .

[78]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  Modeling Spatial Knowledge , 1978, IJCAI.

[79]  R. Golledge.  Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes , 2010 .

[80]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  The Prevalence of Objects with Sharp Boundaries in GIS , 1995 .

[81]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  THE CONTRIBUTION OF SPACE SYNTAX TO A COMPREHENSIVE THEORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY , 2007 .

[82]  Gary L. Allen,et al.  Applied Spatial Cognition: From Research to Cognitive Technology , 2007 .

[83]  Bin Jiang,et al.  Cognitive and Usability Issues in Geovisualization , 2001 .

[84]  Robert Harper,et al.  Stories in GeoTime , 2007 .

[85]  Irene Casas,et al.  Protection of Geoprivacy and Accuracy of Spatial Information: How Effective Are Geographical Masks? , 2004, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[86]  Michael F. Worboys,et al.  Communicating Geographic Information in Context , 2003, Foundations of Geographic Information Science.

[87]  Marvin J. Levine,et al.  You-Are-Here Maps , 1982 .

[88]  Gennady L. Andrienko,et al.  Interactive maps for visual data exploration , 1999, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[89]  Egon L. van den Broek,et al.  Navigating through Virtual Environments: Visual Realism Improves Spatial Cognition , 2009, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[90]  Avron Barr,et al.  Representation of Knowledge , 1980 .

[91]  Stephen C. Hirtle,et al.  Enriching Spatial Knowledge through a Multiattribute Locational System , 2010, Spatial Cognition.

[92]  Thomas Gruber,et al.  Ontology of Folksonomy: A Mash-Up of Apples and Oranges , 2007, Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst..

[93]  E. Tolman.  Cognitive maps in rats and men. , 1948, Psychological review.

[94]  M. Goodchild.  Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography , 2007 .

[95]  M. Haklay,et al.  Interacting with Geospatial Technologies: Haklay/Interacting with Geospatial Technologies , 2010 .

[96]  Stephan Winter,et al.  You‐are‐here maps in emergencies –the danger of getting lost , 2006 .

[97]  Roberta L. Klatzky,et al.  Assisting Wayfinding in Visually Impaired Travelers , 2006 .

[98]  G. Allen.  Principles and practices for communicating route knowledge , 2000 .

[99]  Adrian Popescu,et al.  Deducing trip related information from flickr , 2009, WWW '09.

[100]  R. Downs,et al.  Maps in minds : reflections on cognitive mapping , 1978 .

[101]  Fredrik Espinoza,et al.  GeoNotes: Social and Navigational Aspects of Location-Based Information Systems , 2001, UbiComp.

[102]  Matthew Chalmers,et al.  Using a Landscape Methaphor to Represent a Corpus of Documents , 1993, COSIT.

[103]  Eric Pederson,et al.  Grid Patterns and Cultural Expectations in Urban Wayfinding , 2001, COSIT.

[104]  Clare Davies,et al.  Strategies for Orientation: The Role of 3D Landmark Salience and Map Alignment , 2007 .

[105]  Catherine Emma Jones.  Cartographic Theory and Principles , 2010 .

[106]  Arthur H. Robinson,et al.  The Nature of Maps: Essays toward Understanding Maps and Mapping , 1976 .

[107]  Alexander Klippel,et al.  Topologically Characterized Movement Patterns: A Cognitive Assessment , 2009, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[108]  P. Burrough,et al.  Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries , 1996 .

[109]  Cong Yu,et al.  Automatic construction of travel itineraries using social breadcrumbs , 2010, HT '10.

[110]  Robert R. Korfhage,et al.  Visualization of a Document Collection: The VIBE System , 1993, Inf. Process. Manag..

[111]  Mei-Po Kwan,et al.  Introduction: Issues of Privacy Protection and Analysis of Public Health Data , 2004, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[112]  Julie Dillemuth.  Map Design Evaluation for Mobile Display , 2005 .

[113]  M. Denis,et al.  The production of route directions: investigating conditions that favour conciseness in spatial discourse , 2004 .

[114]  Hartwig H. Hochmair,et al.  Web Based Bicycle Trip Planning for Broward County, Florida , 2009 .

[115]  Albert C. Stevens,et al.  Distortions in judged spatial relations , 1978, Cognitive Psychology.

[116]  Alinda Friedman,et al.  Learning fine-grained and category information in navigable real-world space , 2010, Memory & cognition.

[117]  Shankar Ponnekanti,et al.  Pervasive computing: what is it good for? , 1999, MobiDe '99.

[118]  J. Portugali.  The construction of cognitive maps , 1996 .

[119]  Matt Duckham,et al.  GIS: A Computing Perspective, 2nd Edition , 1995 .

[120]  Alexander Klippel,et al.  You-Are-Here Maps: Creating Spatial Awareness through Map-like Representations , 2010, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[121]  Bill Hillier,et al.  Space is the machine: A configurational theory of architecture , 1996 .

[122]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Structures Of Mental Spaces , 2003 .

[123]  Christian Freksa,et al.  Using Orientation Information for Qualitative Spatial Reasoning , 1992, Spatio-Temporal Reasoning.

[124]  Lewis Carroll,et al.  Sylvie And Bruno Concluded , 1893 .

[125]  Avi Parush,et al.  Degradation in Spatial Knowledge Acquisition When Using Automatic Navigation Systems , 2007, COSIT.

[126]  D. R. Montello,et al.  The Role of Spatial Cognition in Medicine: Applications for Selecting and Training Professionals. , 2007 .

[127]  H. Couclelis.  VERBAL DIRECTIONS FOR WAY-FINDING: SPACE, COGNITION, AND LANGUAGE , 1996 .

[128]  William Ribarsky,et al.  Hierarchical simplification of city models to maintain urban legibility , 2006, SIGGRAPH '06.

[129]  Martin Wattenberg,et al.  ManyEyes: a Site for Visualization at Internet Scale , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[130]  N. Chrisman,et al.  Order from Noise: Toward a Social Theory of Geographic Information , 2006 .

[131]  Prashant Krishnamurthy,et al.  Modeling of indoor positioning systems based on location fingerprinting , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[132]  Jeremy W. Crampton,et al.  A Cognitive Analysis of Wayfinding Expertise , 1992 .

[133]  Michael T. Jones,et al.  T the Five W's Where Is Where? Google's Geospatial Organizing Principle____________ Visualization Viewpoints Editor's Note , 2022 .

[134]  Michael F. Cohen,et al.  Integrated videos and maps for driving directions , 2009, UIST '09.

[135]  Mordechai Haklay.  Interacting with geospatial technologies , 2010 .

[136]  J. Hudson.  A DIAMOND ANNIVERSARY , 1979 .

[137]  Laura A. Carlson,et al.  Getting Lost in Buildings , 2010 .